The Global Hunger Organizations Who’s Who & Who Does What?

Types of Organizations Advocacy vs. Operations? Motivation & Mandate? Government or Non-Government – Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) or – Private Voluntary Organization (PVO)

Types of Organizations Local, Regional, National, &/or International? Bilateral vs. Multilateral? Funding Models & Sources?

US Advocacy Groups Local, Regional, &/or National Faith &/or Community-based: – Bread for the World – Churches/Religious Institutions Christian Buddhist Hindu Islamic Etc.

US Advocacy Groups Local, Regional, &/or National Faith &/or Community-based that are also operational: – Soup Kitchens – Food Banks – Community Service & Outreach

US Advocacy Groups Local, Regional, &/or National Secular (non-faith based): – Hunger Project – Alliance Against Hunger – ONE

US Advocacy Groups Local, Regional, &/or National Advocacy plus Operations: – Stop Hunger Now (NC) – Numana (KS) – Campus Kitchens – East Alabama Food Bank – Feeding America (America’s Second Harvest)

Motivation & Mandate Government vs. NGO: – US Safety Net Programs – State/County/Municipal Programs – American Red Cross

Governance & Management NGOs – Board of Directors Foundations – Private (Family) Gates Foundation – Corporate (Private Sector)

Governance & Management Bilateral – Government – Civil Service Multilateral – Member States -> Board of Directors

International/Global Local, Regional, &/or National NGOs – Red Cross International Federation with individual chapters by country – IFRC ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)

International/Global Local, Regional, &/or National Large Scale Advocacy/Operational NGOs (US Based) – CARE – World Vision – Save the Children – Catholic Relief Services – Mercy Corps – Salvation Army

Specialty NGOs Non-US but with US Chapters/Offices – Medicines sans Frontieres (MSF) – Action Contre le Faim (ACF) – Oxfam – Grameen Bank – Aga Khan Foundation – Islamic Relief – Lutheran World Federation – Church World Service

US & Global Funding & Resources Governmental Agencies – Food Aid, Assistance, &/or Cash – Taxpayers & Government Resources NGOs – Mainly Private Resources – Fundraising – Some Government Funding

Fundraising & Accountability

International - Bilateral Key Developed Countries (i.e. First World) – USAID (US) – CIDA (Canada) – DFID (UK) – JICA (Japan) – European Union – AUSAID (Australia)

Resources & Funding - Bilateral Food Aid & Cash – Traditional food surplus countries US, Australia, Canada, Europe – New Players DFID, JICA, Saudi Arabia Cash for local/regional purchase

Multilateral UN-Specialized Agencies Many pre-date UN – League of Nations World Ministries – ILO, WHO, FAO Assessed Contributions Director General – Separate Governance General Assemblies

UN Multilateral -Financial Bretton Woods Institutions – IMF – World Bank

Multilateral - UN Development/Relief Operations Voluntary Programs/Funds – UNICEF (Children & Mothers) – UNFPA (Population) – UNDP (Development) – UNCHR (Refugees) – WFP (Food)

Multilateral - UN Development/Relief Operations Operational, field-based Voluntary, “pay as you go” Executive Director (SG Appoints) Executive Boards

Multilateral Resources & Funding Food &/or Cash – Primarily from bilateral donors i.e. UN Member States Some donors work/contribute to both bilateral & multilateral organizations – US, Canada, EU, UK – More bilateral-South Korea – More multilateral-Nordics

Role of the Private Sector Ever increasing & complementary support to bilateral/multilateral operations: – WFP & TNT – YUM Brands – Unilever – Vodafone – Eriksson

Role of National Groups/Organizations in Developing Countries Governmental Agencies – Health, Education, & Agriculture – Capacity-Support from bilaterals/multilaterals Local NGOs – Usually poorly funded – Capacity support from International NGOs, plus from bilaterals/multilaterals

Operations in Developing Countries Complementarity of Mandates – Local hunger advocacy – Operational NGOs working with international agencies (NGOs, bi- & multilateral) HIV/AIDS awareness Nutrition Etc.

Comparative Advantage of Operations WFP supplies/programs food through local & international NGO operations Advantage – Strong local presence – Cost effectiveness of local operations – Knowledge on the ground

Issues & Considerations Competition between international & local NGOs – Funding issues – Overhead – Roles – Cost – Presence of international staff

Issues & Considerations NGOs relationship with the local government NGOs motives are suspect for some host governments NGOs vs. Bilateral/Multilaterals – Issues of Control

Faith-based Groups All faiths & religions have a “help the poor and feed the hungry” value/mandate Proselytism (to proselytize) – Missionary work Cultural & National Pride sensitivity

Faith-based Groups Real or perceived priority for NGO operations in-country Concern of religious conversion can become an issue

Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations National & Local Sustainability Government &/or local NGO takeover of development programs – School Feeding – MCHC – FFW & general relief operations at times of emergencies – Local safety net programs

Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations Priority focus on both government at all levels & local NGO community – Building local implementation capacity – Development of policy capacity – Vulnerability Assessment Mapping (VAM)

Examples Bangladesh, China, & India Disaster Relief: – Often bi & multilaterals have little to teach these Governments & their local NGOs – Role of donors is to support with resources & technical assistance when burden is overwhelming i.e. serious floods in Bangladesh i.e. earthquakes in China (foreign rescue teams; food aid)

Examples Brazil, China, Viet Nam Development Activities/Programs: – Phasing Out – SFP in 21 countries – Health Clinics – Community outreach – Infrastructure works accomplished Rural Roads Irrigation Fish Ponds Health Clinics Schools built & functioning

1960’s 10 Largest Aid Recipients Today these countries are the 10 largest trading partners of the US – South Korea – Brazil – Indonesia – Philippines – Taiwan – Egypt