Hail to the Chief

Demographic Characteristics of U.S. Presidents 100% male 98% Caucasian 97% Protestant 82% of British ancestry 77% college educated 69% politicians 62% lawyers >50% from the top 3% wealth and social class 69% elected from large states

Fortunate Son Recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969) Some folks are born made to wave the flag, Ooh, they’re red, white and blue. And when the band plays, “Hail to the Chief,” Ooh, they point the cannon at you, lord, It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no senator’s son, son. It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no fortunate one, no. Some folks are born silver spoon in hand, Lord, don’t they help themselves, oh. But when the taxman comes to the door, Lord, the house looks like a rummage sale, yes, It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no millionaire’s son, son. It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no fortunate one, no.

Fortunate Son Recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969) Some folks inherit star spangled eyes, Ooh, they send you down to war, lord, And when you ask them, “How much should we give?” Ooh, they only answer more! more! more! yo, It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no military son, son. It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no fortunate one, one. It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no fortunate son, son. It ain’t me, it ain’t me, I ain’t no fortunate son, no, no, no.

Constitutional Qualifications  Must be at least 35 years old  Must have lived in the United States for 14 years  Must be a natural born citizen

The Normal Road to the White House  Once elected, the president serves a term of 4 years.  In 1951, the 22nd Amendment  limited the number of terms to two  Limited to the number of years served to 10 years  Most presidents have been elected to office.

Succession  Amendment 25 lists the order of succession  The vice president succeeds if the president leaves office due to death, resignation, or removal.

Presidential Succession 1.Vice-President 2.Speaker of the House 3.President Pro Tempore of the Senate 4.Secretary of State 5.Secretary of the Treasury 6.Secretary of Defense 7.Attorney General (Department of Justice) 8.Secretary of interior 9.Secretary of Agriculture 10.Secretary of Commerce 11.Secretary of Labor 12.Secretary of Health and Human Services 13.Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 14.Secretary of Transportation 15.Secretary of Energy 16.Secretary of Education 17.Secretary of Veterans Affairs 18.Secretary of Homeland Security

Presidential Benefits  $400,000 tax-free salary  $50,000/year expense account  $100,000/year travel expenses  The White House  Secret Service protection  Camp David country estate  Air Force One personal airplane & Marine One  Staff of Christmas at the White House, 2004

Enumerated Powers of the President  Commander and Chief of Armed Forces  Grant reprieves and pardons  Make treaties (agreement of 2/3 Senate  Nominate ambassadors, federal judges  Fill vacancies while Congress in recess  Give State of the Union Address  Convene or adjourn Congress in times of emergency  Receive ambassadors  Execute laws  Commission military officers

Presidential Roles

Chief of State Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983 President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963 Ceremonial head of the government

Chief Executive President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October, 2005 President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first female Attorney General, February, 1993 head of the bureaucracy

Chief Administrator President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862 CEO of the Federal Government

Chief Diplomat In 1979, the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty was signed by President Anwar el- Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel. Signing of New START Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia Manages relationships with foreign countries

Commander-in-Chief President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003 President Johnson decorates a soldier in Vietnam, October, 1966 Commander of Armed Forces

Chief Legislator President Clinton delivers the State of the Union Address, 1997 President Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act, 1935 Architect of Public Policy

Chief of Party President Reagan & Vice-President Bush accepting their party’s nomination in 1980 Leader of Political Party

Chief Citizen President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11 President Roosevelt and the “Bully Pulpit,” 1910 Representative of ALL the People of the United States

Formal Powers of the President  Constitutional or enumerated powers of the presidency  Found primarily in Article II of the Constitution

Formal Powers: Commander-in-Chief  Commander in Chief of the Army & Navy  Commander in Chief of the state militias (now the National Guard)  Commission all officers

Formal Powers: Chief Executive  “Faithfully execute” the laws  Require the opinion of heads of executive departments  Grant pardons for federal offenses except for cases of impeachment  Nominate judges of the Supreme Court and all other officers of the U.S. with consent of the Senate  Fill vacancies that may happen during recess of the Senate

Formal Powers: Foreign Affairs  Appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls  Make treaties subject to Senate confirmation  Receive ambassadors

Formal Powers: Chief Legislator  Give State of the Union address to Congress  Recommend “measures” to the Congress  Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene both houses of Congress

Formal Powers: Chief Legislator (cont.)  Presidential Veto  Veto Message within 10 days of passing the House of origin  Pocket Veto - President does not sign within 10 days  Congress can override with 2/3 majority from both Houses  Veto Politics  Congressional override is difficult (only 4%)  Threat of veto can cause Congress to make changes in legislation

Those powers not explicitly written in the Constitution Similar to “necessary and proper” powers of Congress In the modern era (since 1933), the President’s informal powers may be significantly more powerful than his formal powers Informal Powers

Executive Orders Orders issued by the President that carry the force of law Clinton’s “Don’t ask don’t tell” gays in the military policy FDR’s internment of Japanese Americans GWB trying suspected terrorists in military tribunals Notice for Japanese “relocation,” 1942

Executive Agreements International agreements, usually related to trade, made by a president that has the force of a treaty; does NOT need Senate approval Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803 GWB announced cuts in the nuclear arsenal, but not in a treaty; usually trade agreements between US and other nations

Executive Privilege Claim by a president that he has the right to decide that the national interest will be better served if certain information is withheld from the public, including the Courts and Congress United States v. Nixon (1973) – presidents do NOT have unqualified executive privilege (Nixon Watergate tapes)

Questions for Discussion Why are informal powers more important than formal powers, particularly to modern presidents? Identify several advantages and disadvantages of the use of the president’s informal powers. Has the use and perhaps abuse of the informal powers created an “Imperial Presidency?” Defend your answer.

Presidential Quotations

President Harry S. Truman "I sit here all day trying to persuade people to do the things they ought to have the sense to do without my persuading them. That's all the powers of the President amount to." Truman, 33rd President,

President John F. Kennedy “No easy problem ever comes to the President of the United States. If they are easy to solve, somebody else has solved them.” President Kennedy’s nationally televised address during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October, 1962

President Lyndon B. Johnson “The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands.” President Johnson, 36th President,

President Richard M. Nixon "Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the manner in which the president personally exercises his assigned executive powers is not subject to questioning by another branch of government." In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, President Nixon departs the White House after his resignation, Aug., 1974

President George W. Bush “To those of you who received honors, awards, and distinctions, I say 'Well done.' And to the C students, I say 'You, too, can be president of the United States.'” President George W. Bush, speaking at Yale University's 300th commencement ceremony “To those of you who received honors, awards, and distinctions, I say 'Well done.' And to the C students, I say 'You, too, can be president of the United States.'” President George W. Bush, speaking at Yale University's 300th commencement ceremony President Bush, 43rd President, 2001-present