University of Utah 1 Fortran Assignment Questions?

University of Utah 2 Computer Science Origins in 1950s -LGP-30 and IBM universities w/ CS universities w/ CS

University of Utah 3 Computer Science What is it? -Use of computers for university administrative work? -Study of computer hardware? -Study of algorithms?

University of Utah 4 Computer Science ACM “Curriculum '68” -Math, theory, algorithms -Why is this ironic?

University of Utah 5 Also in 1968 “Art of Computer Programming” by Donald Knuth -Emphasis on algorithms

University of Utah 6 Also in 1968 Structured programming -“GOTO considered harmful”

University of Utah 7 Also in 1968 TRAC programming language -Copyrighted software!!!

University of Utah 8 Also in 1968 Conference on “Software Engineering” -Sponsored by NATO -Called for more discipline in programming

University of Utah 9 Also in 1968 IBM “unbundles” its software -Originally, hardware and software were sold together -Software is now buyable and sellable -Room for competition!

University of Utah Evolution of Software Not foreseen by computer pioneers Industry slowly realizes: -Software exists -Software is important -It's worth building tools to support it

University of Utah Mainframe Era Never left idle! Not interactive -programmers did not use the machine directly Data available as printouts

University of Utah However... Not all problems are suited for batch processing.

University of Utah However... Not all problems are suited for batch processing. -Examples from book: Insurance company IRS NASA

University of Utah NASA Sputnik 1957 started “space race” Unlimited budget for space exploration

University of Utah NASA Greenbelt, Maryland (1961) -Hacked a IBM 7090 to operate in real-time -Input data from radar stations in Florida -“Mercury Monitor” system early “interrupt-driven” software

University of Utah NASA Mainframes aren't supposed to work that way! Modifications were expensive, but they worked! -Paved the way for future real-time computing

University of Utah Earlier interactive machines Review: -LGP-30 -Whirlwind -SAGE

University of Utah How? How can a computer be both interactive and inexpensive? -Use transistors from the start -Use short word length -Direct memory access (DMA)

University of Utah THE RESULT: The “minicomputer” -Entirely new class of machine -Opened computing to new markets

University of Utah Ken Olsen Student at MIT (1950s) -Worked on Whirlwind, TX-0 Founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) The “minicomputer company”

University of Utah PDP-1 “Programmed Data Processor 1” -Inspired by TX-0

University of Utah PDP ,000 additions per second bit words -(9 Kilobytes of memory) $120,000 (50 sold)

University of Utah PDP-1

University of Utah PDP-1 Spacewar! -“First” video game -Made at MIT (1962)

University of Utah Marketing IBM -lease -supply system software DEC -sell -let users customize machine

University of Utah PDP bit word length 35,000 additions per second 6 Kbytes of memory

University of Utah PDP-8 8 cubic feet 250 pounds

University of Utah PDP-8 8 cubic feet 250 pounds $18,000 -crazy!

University of Utah PDP-8 Input/Output Teletype ASR-33 -cheaper and more durable than the Flexowriter! -ASCII-based -(see page 134)

University of Utah Value-Added Resellers DEC machines were not easy to program (at first) Basis for 3rd-party products -picture on page 136

University of Utah DEC's legacy Minicomputers: -Brought interactive computing to a wide audience -Direct ancestor of the personal computer

University of Utah “Test Question” On a scrap of paper, write a question that encapsulates one of the points from today's class, and turn it in. (Put your name on it!)