WRITING RESEARCH / TECHNICAL PAPERS Case Study

INTRODUCTION Research work is incomplete unless the results are disseminated to the wider community. Publishing is important for yourself, your organization, your scientific colleagues and the funding agency. It improves your career, since your work will be seen as good quality and reliable. Publication will increase your chances of attracting funding and collaborators. Why should we write the paper and publish?

Where should you publish? Peer-reviewed journals are arguably the most widely respected avenue for presenting research findings. Publishing in journals is also challenging – articles must follow strict guidelines and the rejection rate can be high. Besides writing for peer-reviewed journals, you can write book chapters, newsletters, magazine articles or even web pages.

Format of paper A standard format is used for articles, in which the author presents the research in an orderly, logical manner. This format is: | Title | Authors | Abstract /Introduction | Materials and Methods (Experimental)| Results (with Tables and Figures) | Discussion | Acknowledgments | LiteratureTitleAuthorsIntroduction Materials and Methods ResultsTables and Figures DiscussionAcknowledgmentsLiterature Cited Cited |

USING AN OUTLINE TO PREPARE PAPER Value of the Outline : Aids in the process of writing Helps you organize your ideas Provides a snapshot of each section of the paper will flow Presents your material in a logical form Shows the relationships among ideas in your writing Constructs an ordered overview of your writing Defines boundaries and groups

Getting Started Most journals will provide “instructions for contributors” on how to publish in that journal. These must be followed to the last detail, or the editor will reject your article straightaway. This includes the layout and format of both the body and references of your article. The instructions for contributors can often be found on the journal’s website.

TITLE CAREFUL SELECTION Make your title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be appropriate for the intended audience. CLEAR AND CONCISE TO REFLECT THE EMPHASIS AND CONTENT OF THE PAPER The title usually describes the subject matter of the article: Effect of Smoking on Academic Performance" Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective: Students Who Smoke Get Lower Grades" CURRENT AWARENESS AND INFORMATION RETRIVAL GETTING STARTED

AUTHOR LIST ALL THOSE WHO HAD SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS (The person who did the work and wrote the paper is generally listed as the first author of a research paper). FACILITATE INFORMATION INDEXING AND RETRIVAL CORRESPONDING AUTHOR TO OWN RESPONSIBILITY For published articles, other people who made substantial contributions to the work are also listed as authors. Ask your mentor's permission before including his/her name as co-author. MORAL/ETHICAL ISSUES

KEY WORDS: These are what people use when searching for articles in literature indexes.

ABSTRACT An abstract, or summary, is published together with a research article, giving the reader a "preview" of what's to come. STATE BRIEFLY THE PURPOSE PRINCIPAL RESULTS AND MAJOR CONCLUSIONS. KEY NUMBERS TO IMPRESS REFEREE Don't use abbreviations or citations in the abstract. It should be able to stand alone without any footnotes

Abstract: - The recent literature has reported the synergistic implementation of JIT, TQM, TPM, SCM, and ERP to enhance manufacturing performance. The apparent linkages among them raise two questions that remain yet to be addressed, namely which specific elements of these strategies are consistent with each other, and how do they complement with each other. This paper attempts to explore the linkages through the survey administered among academicians, practitioners and consultants. The results of the survey have helped in identifying the unique, shared, and common practices. The practices are mapped against the individual paradigm which gives the insight on overlap of practices. The mapping should help the managers in establishing and maintaining linkages across the new and old initiatives for enhancing overall manufacturing performance.

TEXT INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT OUTLINING SCIENTIFIC MOTIVATION QUESTIONS TO WHICH ANSWERS ARE SOUGHT CONNETIONS OF THE PRESENT WORK WITH

INTRODUCTION What question did you ask in your experiment? Why is it interesting? The introduction summarizes the relevant literature so that the reader will understand why you were interested in the question you asked. One to four paragraphs should be enough. End with a sentence explaining the specific question you asked in this experiment

scope The overlapping part between paradigms must come from the output of survey done by the author (s). The paper is based on ongoing research being done by author (s). Another survey is being administered and it should be able to pinpoint the exact nature of the interaction among practices to have full understanding of the relationship / overlap among these three letters paradigms. This issue is not considered in the scope of the paper. [The same is specifically mentioned in the last line of the section 1.0 Introduction and last part of the section 6.0 Conclusion]

EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS How did you answer this question? There should be enough information here to allow another scientist to repeat your experiment.

RESULTS This is where you present the results. Use graphs and tables if appropriate, but also summarize your main findings in the text. Do NOT discuss the results or speculate as to why something happened; that goes in the Discussion. You don't necessarily have to include all the data Use appropriate methods of showing data. Don't try to manipulate the data to make it look like you did more than you actually did. "The drug cured 1/3 of the infected mice, another 1/3 were not affected, and the third mouse got away."

FIGURES, TAB LES AND CAPTIONS

DISCUSSION Highlight the most significant results, but don't just repeat what you've written in the Results section. How do these results relate to the original question? Do the data support your hypothesis? Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported? If your results were unexpected, try to explain why. Is there another way to interpret your results? What further research would be necessary to answer the questions raised by your results? How do y our results fit into the big picture? End with a one-sentence summary of your conclusion, emphasizing why it is relevant.

REFERENCES

EDIT PAPER!!! "In my writing, I average about ten pages a day. Unfortunately, they're all the same page." Michael Alley, The Craft of Scientific Writing A major part of any writing assignment consists of re-writing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This section is optional. You can thank those who either helped with the experiments, or made other important contributions, such as discussing the protocol, commenting on the manuscript, or buying you pizza

Write accurately Write succinctly Write clearly Check your grammar, spelling and punctuation