By Ellen Murray Rosedale Heights School of the Arts, TDSB For STAO

The Three Major Causes of Environmental Destruction Over consumption Poverty Population

Why teach about Ecological Footprints (EF)? It’s a way to personalize scientific data Allows to students to connect their lifestyle choices to the use of Earth’s resources Online EF calculators give students immediate feedback about how lifestyle choices increase or decrease resource usage They can quickly see the impact of food, transportation, housing and consumption choices on their EF

What are ecological footprints? “Ecological footprints are an accounting tool that enables us to estimate the resource consumption and waste assimilation requirements of a defined human population in terms of a biologically productive land area.” Adapted from “Our Ecological Footprint” by Mathis Wackernagel and Bill Rees (1995)

18% Biologically Productive Land 11% Deserts, Ice Caps and Barren Land 67% Low- Productivity Ocean 4% Biologically Productive Ocean

Calculating an Ecological Footprint (EF) EF = land to produce food + land and water to absorb CO 2 waste + land for housing, buildings and roads + land to provide for all consumer goods and services Ecological footprints are measured in hectares

So how big is a hectare? 1 hectare = 100 m x 100 m 1 hectare = about 1.3 soccer field

How many hectares are available? Using current EF calculation methods there are about 16 ha of biologically productive land available per person As population increases, the available per person biologically productive land decreases As humans degrade ecosystems, less biologically productive land is available

What is an average Canadian’s EF? Individual Canadians have an average EF = 70 ha (700,000 m 2 or 85 soccer fields) We have one of the largest ecological footprints worldwide The available EF land per person = 16 ha Worldwide the average person has an EF = 23 ha Ask students to predict how their EF will compare to the Canadian average

Taking the Ecological Footprint Quiz Student preparation requires Estimated apartment or house size and lot size Estimated family income Estimated kilometres travelled per year By car By bus By subway or train By plane The best ecological footprint calculator is Ecological Footprint Quiz by Redefining Progress

How can we “overuse” resources?

Ecological “Overshoot” According to the WWF Living Planet Report we are using the Earth’s resources 25% faster than the resources can be renewed

Students Analyse Their EF

Students Research Ways to Lower Their Individual EF

Taking Action  Young people need positive messages  YES WE CAN fix the environmental problems we have created  We can buy less - watch the Story of Stuff by Annie Leonard online  Start Ecoschools programs  Plant trees  Walk and cycle more  Waste less food  Wear a sweater

Students Research Biocapacity Availability for Other Species This discussion has focussed exclusively on human use of the Earth’s resources How much of Earth’s resources should be allocated to plants and other animals? If we continue to decrease biodiversity we will also harm our own species

Students Research Economic and Environmental Relationships

“Old” EF Math vs “New” EF Math The EF calculation results are often different depending on the UN data collection year and the calculation method In 2005, the organization Redefining Progress released a new methodology for calculating EF called EF-NPP This resulted in a large increase in the results of an ecological footprint calculation The new method also gave much larger values for Earth’s biologically productive land calculations

“OLD” EF MATH The old method was EF-GAEZ To convert old values to new values multiply by 8.5

Live Well on Less Studies show that the more we consume the less happy we are

Attend the 62 annual OSEE conference April At the Seneca Campus, King City Wonderful presentations and speakers all focused on environmental issues For K-12 teachers in all subject areas

Calculating all the big environmental impact categories Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the broadest indicator and an internationally standardized method (ISO and ISO 14044). It not only evaluates the impact on climate change, but also other impact categories such as acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and ground level ozone creation. For each of these impact categories, the product or system is evaluated over its complete life span, from the extraction of raw material and manufacturing, to the use of the product by final consumers and end-of-life processes like recycling, energy recovery, and ultimate waste disposal. The ISO standards provide robust and practice-proven requirements for performing transparent LCA calculations. Moreover, one can make use of extensive databases containing life cycle profiles of many goods and services, as well as many of the underlying materials, energy resources, transport systems, etc. Nevertheless, LCA calculations remain very complex and should therefore be applied only by professionals and preferably to a specific unit or application, such as a washing machine or a car tire. Calculating the impact on climate change A Carbon Footprint, also called Carbon Profile, is an LCA with the analysis limited to emissions that have an effect on climate change (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.). This limitation makes it easier to apply the calculation to integrated systems, such as an entire house or automobile. Comparing with the amount of land needed The Ecological Footprint of an activity tries to measure its consumption of natural resources and the amount of biologically productive land and sea needed to regenerate those resources and to absorb and render harmless the waste that is produced. While this measure is being increasingly used, it is not a scientific standard and is widely criticized. The translation of every impact into land and sea areas is neither self-evident nor is it easily established. Consequently, various methodologies are in use that sometimes give conflicting results. The calcultions also largely depend on the prevailing technologies, meaning that their results are evolving with the state of technology. Nevetheless, being fully aware of its limitations, Ecological Footprint calculations can sometimes be used to establish a first rough approximation of the ecological impact of a product or a system.

The first, the Living Planet Index, measures biodiversity, based on trends in more than 3,600 populations of 1,300 vertebrate species around the world. In all, data for 695 terrestrial, 344 freshwater and 274 marine species were analyzed. Terrestrial species declined by 31 per cent, freshwater species by 28 per cent, and marine species by 27 per cent. The second index, the Ecological Footprint, measures humanity’s demand on the biosphere. Humanity’s footprint has more than tripled between 1961 and This report shows that our footprint exceeded biocapacity by 25 per cent in In the previous report (based on data to 2001), this figure was 21 per cent. The carbon dioxide footprint, from the use of fossil fuels, was the fastest growing component of our global footprint, increasing more than ninefold from 1961 to Countries of over a million people with the largest footprint, in global hectares per person, are the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, Finland, Canada, Kuwait, Australia, Estonia, Sweden, New Zealand and Norway. China comes mid-way in world rankings, at number 69, but its growing economy and rapid development mean it has a key role in keeping the world on the path to sustainability.