YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY!!! PARTY!!! Finite Verb Review YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY!!! PARTY!!!

Number -- Sing. or Plural Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations.’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i.e., a ‘normal’ verb, not a verbal): Person -- 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Number -- Sing. or Plural Tense -- Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Voice -- Active or Passive Mood -- Indicative or Subjunctive < But we ain’t there yet! < Or there!

The Present Active Tense -- Everyone’s Favourite The present tense in Latin can be translated as ‘I verb,’ ‘I am verbing,’ or ‘I do verb.’ The six forms of the verb correspond with the six possible person/number combinations. All conjugations follow the same basic pattern with different intermediate vowels. “To be:” I we you you (pl.) he/she/it they sum sumus es estis est sunt 2nd: 1st: amō amāmus amās amātis amat amant moneō monēmus monēs monētis monet monent 4th: 3rd: ducō ducimus ducis ducitis ducit ducunt audiō audimus audis auditis audit audiunt

Imperfect and Future Actives The imperfect tense is a progressive past tense in Latin: ‘I was verbing, kept on verbing…’ It is formed by inserting -ba- after the present stem, as in amabam, monebam, ducebam, and audiebam (note the -ie-). amābam amābāmus amābās amābātis amābat amābant eram erāmus erās erātis erat erant The future, ‘I will/shall verb,’ is tricky. In the first and second conjugations, a -bi- is inserted after the present stem, but in the third and fourth the ‘old maid vowels’ are used instead. Watch for these! amābō amābimus amābis amābitis amābit amābunt ducam ducēmus ducēs ducētis ducet ducent erō erimus eris eritis erit erunt

Perfective Actives The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are all formed off of the PERFECT stem (from the 3rd principal part), not the present stem. All verbs, even irregulars, use the same sets of endings for these tenses, although in some cases the present and perfect stems are quite dissimilar. Perfect: Pluperfect: amāvī amāvīmus amāvistī amāvistis amāvit amāvērunt amāveram amāverāmus amāverās amāverātis amāverat amāvērant Future Perfect: amāverō amāverimus amāveris amāveritis amāverit amāvērint