The History of Computers Developments Leading up to the Stored-Program Computer of Today Designed by Mr. Wilhelmi

In The Beginning Early humans counted on their fingers – evolution of base 10 numbering system

Abacus Orient 3000 years ago First calculating mechanism Beads represent digits Rods represent places – units, tens, hundreds, and higher multiples of ten

Blaise Pascal Invented the Pascaline in 1642 First mechanical adding machine

Gottfried Leibniz Invented Step Reckoner in 1671 Could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots

Joseph Jacquard Jacquard’s Loom in 1810 Emphasized three computer concepts 1. Instructions - used punched cards 2. Simple Program - series of instructions 3. Automate job - because of program

Charles Babbage Father of Computers Invented Analytical Engine in 1832 5 characteristics of modern computer Input device – punch cards Processor – mill Control Unit Storage Facility – store Output device

Ada Augusta First Computer Programmer wrote programs for the Analytical Engine Her notes on the Analytical Engine was used in the future development of computers

Herman Hollerith Invented Tabulating Machine for 1890 Census First machine capable of processing statistical information from punched cards

Alan Turing Worked on Colossus computer in 1943 Used in World War II for cracking German codes (ENIGMA)

John Mauchly Presper Eckert ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator) 1946 First electronic computer to go into operation

A moth got caught in the MARK II and shorted out a relay Grace crawled in and removed it from inside the computer Popularized the term “bug” to signify any system failure The term “debugging” signifies solving a computer problem

John von Neumann “First Draft” – based on Input data Store data his concepts, all computers process data by carrying out four specific activities: Input data Store data Process data Output data/results This initiated the modern computer era. EDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-program

First Generation Computers (1951-1958) Vacuum tubes for electronic circuits Punched cards for secondary memory/storage Speed – Milliseconds Thousands of operations per second Machine and Assembly languages

Vacuum Tube Provided the electronic circuits for computer 6000 circuits/cubic foot Konrad Zuse used it in 1941 instead of electromagnetic relays Large and bulky. Generated enormous amounts of heat Burned out frequently causing computer to be down for large amounts of time

Second Generation Computers (1959-1964) Transistors electronic circuits Magnetic tape secondary memory\storage Speed – Microseconds millions of operations per second Programming languages COBOL, Fortran, Symbolic

Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor Replaced vacuum tubes as electronic circuits in computers Developed by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen from Bell Labs in 1947 Won the Nobel Prize in 1956 as a result 100,000 circuits/cubic foot Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor

Third Generation Computers (1965-1970) Integrated Circuits (IC) electronic circuits Magnetic tape secondary memory\storage Speed – Nanoseconds Billions of operations per second Silicon Chip silicon crystal that IC is etched in

Integrated Circuit (IC) Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in 1959 10 million circuits/cubic foot Won the Nobel Prize in 2000 as a result

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Personal micro-computer Microprocessor electronic circuits Magnetic disk secondary memory\storage Speed – picoseconds trillions of operations per second Virtual memory mimics behavior of primary memory

Microprocessor Invented by Ted Hoff of Intel in 1971 Very Large Scale Integration (VSLI) tens of thousands electronic components on each IC chip Over 500 billion circuits/cubic foot

Steven Jobs Steve Wozniak Invented Apple Macintosh in 1984 First programmable computer available for personal use First computer to use Graphical User Interface

Fifth Generation Computers (Future) Artificial Intelligence Computer learns from itself Natural Language Communicate with computer using everyday language Parallel Processing Ability to process millions of instructions simultaneously Speed – gigaseconds Quadrillions of operations per second

What will the future hold in the computer industry?