 Chapter 3 Section 2 and 3 Notes

 Jean Piaget o Focused on the development of thought o As the child grows, intelligence and the ability to understand develops. o A child develops intellectually with both quantitative and qualitative changes.  Schemas- A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world.  Assimilation- the process of filtering objects and experiences into one’s schemas.  Accommodation- the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.  Assimilation and accommodation work with each other to produce intellectual growth.

 Object Permanence o Peek-a-boo o “hiding a toy” o The object still exists even though you cannot see it or touch it  Representational Thought o The child starts to achieve ‘object permanence’ o The child can picture things in their mind.  The Principle of Conservation o Happens between ages 5 and 7 when the child can determine that the quantity does not change even if the appearance does. Example: water in different size glasses  Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development o Describes the changes that occur in a child’s understanding.

 Imprinting o Inherited tendencies/responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment o Konrad Lorenzo discovered that baby geese become attached to their mother, or what they think is their mother, in an instant.  Surrogate mothers o Harry Harlow studied and tested the bond between mother and child using monkeys.  Human Infants o When an attachment is formed between mother and child, disruption can be disturbing to the infant. Stranger anxiety/ separation anxiety

 Authoritarian- Parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluates the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct.  Democratic/Authoritative- children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives.  Permissive/Laissez-faire- Children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children.

 Socialization- the process of learning rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live. o What is acceptable and unacceptable? o Gender has different rules to follow. o learning what rules apply and when you can bend them  Freud’s theory of psychosexual Development o All children are born with strong sexual and aggressive urges. o Identification- the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same sex parent. Boys have the same values and morals as their father o Sublimation- the process of reducing sexual impulses into learning tasks. Sexual desires are pushed into the background and child learn new skills by exploring the world.

 Erikson’s Theory of Psychological Development o He recognizes the child’s sexual and aggressive urges, but also feels that social acceptance is also important. o We all face numerous crises as we grow up and it helps shape us one way or another o Erickson and Freud both believe that learning social rules is much different then riding a bike  Kohlberg o Studied moral reasoning in children and adolescences by presenting the children with different dilemmas. o Kohlberg’s six stages of development were created once he questioned the reasoning behind the way the children solved the dilemmas. o In order to reach the highest form of Moral development you must see the view points of different people.