JOURNEYS (OXFORD)1

2 Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana ( ), an American philosopher

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)3 AN INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)4 At A Glance What History is Reasons for studying History Primary & Secondary Sources How History is recorded Measurement of time Problems historians face

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)5 WHAT IS HISTORY? History is a record of what took place in the past –About people who changed the world –About discoveries and events that have changed the world

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)6 WHY STUDY HISTORY? To understand the present more clearly To see how far we have come To study the achievements of our forefathers

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)7 WHY STUDY HISTORY? To learn from the mistakes of the past To know how people feel and think To help train the mind

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)8 Historians use various forms of evidence –Oral –Pictorial –Written FINDING OUT ABOUT HISTORY

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)9 ORAL EVIDENCE

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)10 PICTORIAL EVIDENCE

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)11 WRITTEN EVIDENCE

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)12 SOURCESOral, pictorial and written evidence are referred to as SOURCES 2 types of sources –Primary Sources –Secondary Sources HOW IS HISTORY EXAMINED

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)13 Provide first-hand information/original 2 types : Published and unpublished Eg bones, stones, artefacts Eg Man-made objects like pottery and buildings Eg Items left behind by people living in a certain period – maps, writings, diaries, letters, documents, newspaper reports PRIMARY SOURCES

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)14 Provide second-hand information What others have written Produced after a certain event; normally after studies of the event have been made Producers of these sources may not have been there when the event took place Eg Films, radio and TV programmes, books produced after a particular historical event took place SECONDARY SOURCES

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)15 ARCHAEOLOGY “ANCIENT” and “STUDY” Study of objects or items that are very old Historians find out about prehistory through archaeology Archaeologists specialised in the study of archaeology Like detectives – try to find out about past activities, most of which are buried below the surface of the earth

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)16 ARCHAEOLOGY The places which they dig up (excavate) are called SITES Stone, bone, wood, metal Bits of jewellery, pottery, tools or artefacts

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)17 MEASURING TIME A.D. : Anno Domini (Latin) The Year of the Lord (Birth of Christ) B.C. : Before Christ See page 12

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)18 PROBLEMS OF HISTORIANS Collecting information about the past Limited records – writing invented only about 5,000 years ago Not everything recorded was the truth –Incomplete –Biased

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)19 INFORMATION –Fact vs opinion What is a fact? What is an opinion? PROBLEMS OF HISTORIANS

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)20 EVALUATING EVIDENCE The 3 C’s –Credibility –Consistency –Corroboration

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)21 NEW SOURCES, NEW INTERPRETATION There is always new evidence This will provide new explanations of the past

JOURNEYS (OXFORD)22 Compare and Contrast Change and Continuity Cause and Effect Similarities and Differences Empathy HISTORICAL CONCEPTS