Unit 3 Baby’s First Year

7. 1 infant growth and development Growth- changes in size such as weight and length Development- increases and changes in physical, emotion, social or intellectual skills Developmental milestone- a key skill used to check a child’s progress

Environment Stimulating environment: baby has a wide variety of things to see, taste, smell, hear and touch Stimulating environment babies make more brain connections Lacking environment results in weaker brain connections language

Growth during the 1st year From birth to age 1 infants typically triple their birth weight Lose 10% birth weight in first 5 days then gain Average 1 year old weighs 20-22lbs Increase length by 50% Growth chart- shows average weight and height of girls and boys at various ages

Patterns of Physical Development Head to Foot Begins in prenatal development head movement before walking Near to Far Close to the body and moves outward Arms then fingers Simple to Complex Head control, rolling, reaching, crawling, walking Talking, reading, writing

Senses Vision Hearing Touch Smell Taste Blurry then can see 7-10 inches away by 1 week 1 month can see up to 3 feet away 6 months eyesight reaches that of an adult Only see 2D until second month Patterns and colors of high contrast-red and blue Hearing Develops before birth Touch Prefer warm and soft Smell Does not develop until after birth Within 10 days can distinguish mother from others Taste Prefer sweet

Developmental Milestones First month Lifts head and turns from side to side Reacts to parents voice Second month Watches objects move Makes babble sounds Third month Open and close hands Lifts head and chest when on stomach

Fourth month Fifth month Sixth month Grasps rattle Puts hands in mouth Rolls from tummy to back Fifth month Turns head in direction of sound Knows happy speech from unhappy speech Sixth month Passes object from one hand to the other Puts objects in mouth

Seventh month Eighth month Ninth month Rolls over both ways Sits up steadily Stands with assistance Eighth month Pulls self up Bangs blocks together Ninth month Uses index finger to poke Puts objects in containers

Tenth month Eleventh month Twelfth month Crawls Imitates new sounds Walks while holding onto furniture Grasps with thumb and forefinger Uses gestures Twelfth month Walk a few steps alone Stands alone Holds and drinks from cup

Physical Development Gross motor skills- skill that involves the large muscles of the body Fine motor skills- involves the smaller muscles of the body

7.2 Caring for an Infant Sleeping Clothing Place infant on their back when sleeping Newborns sleep up to 20hrs a day- decreases to 12 by 1 year Clothing Babies lose heat quickly as are also sensitive to overheating Dress baby in 1 more layer than an older child or adult would wear Clothing size is determined by weight and age

Feeding Breast milk or formula Burp baby during and after feeding Introduce solid foods around 4-6 months Weaning off bottle to cup around 9-12 months Self feeding when they can sit up Allergies malnutrition

Infant Safety Concerns Choking Suffocation Water Falls Poisoning Burns Sun Animals Check-ups Newborn, months 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 immunizations

7.3 infant health and wellness Cradle cap- skin condition known for yellowish, crusty patches on the scalp Diaper rash- patches of rough, red, irritated skin in diaper area Teething- process of teeth pushing through the gums

8.1 Emotional Development Emotional development- process of learning to recognize and express feelings and to establish a personal identity Failure to thrive- condition in which babies do not grow and develop properly. Do not respond to people and objects. Can be caused by neglect, abuse or another form of stress Can fail to thrive if they do not have a stimulating environment

Crying Crying is the way infants express emotion 4 basic cries Hungry Rhythmic rise and fall-demanding Pain Loud gasps-shrieks Bored Low pitched-increases when ignored Angry Loud-demanding

Uncontrollable Crying Colic- uncontrollable crying by an otherwise healthy baby Difficult-impossible to comfort Usually ends around 3-4 months Gas, lactose intolerance, breast feeding Reflux –partially digested food rises in the throat Forceful vomitting

Parents Responsibilities Parent/caregiver responding to an infants cry is a vital part of emotional nurturing Help baby to learn to trust and bond (AKA attachment) Learning trust vs. mistrust, Erikson’s psychosocial development Healthy attachment develops trust, self-esteem, social and emotional development

Understanding Temperament How a baby reacts to others and the world Nine different traits-each child has each trait to a greater or lesser degree Intensity How strong or weak are a child’s emotional responses to events Persistence How determined is a child to complete an action Sensitivity How strongly does a child react to his or her feelings

Perceptiveness Adaptability Regularity Activity Approach Mood How aware of all that is around them Adaptability How easily do they accept change Regularity Does their behavior follow regular patterns Activity What is child’s energy level Approach How they face new situations Mood Cheerful or cranky

8.2 Social Development of Infants Social development- process of learning how to interact and express oneself with others Closely related to emotional development Learning through cause and effect Learning through imitation Social development through exploration

Social Developmental Milestones 1 month Coos and babbles 2-3 months Begins to smile and show excitement 4-6 months Laughs, squeals, babbles May cry when left alone 7-8 months Tries to imitate sounds begins to experience stranger anxiety 9-10 months Enjoys playing peek-a-boo 11-12 months Spends time looking in mirrors

9.1 Early Brain Development At birth, the brain has billion of neurons a nerve cell In response to experiences, babies’ brains immediately begin to develop links between neurons called neural pathways These pathways “wire” the brain so that it can control different body functions and thinking processes

Parts of the brain Brain divided into sections which control specific functions Cerebrum Speech, memory, problem solving Cortex- growth permits more complex learning Thalamus Sensory information from other parts to the cortex Pituitary gland Secrete hormones that control growth, metabolism, and sexual development Brain stem Involuntary activities- breathing, heart rate, blood pressure Spinal cord Transmits info from body to brain and vice versa Cerebellum Muscular coordination and balance

How the brain works Neurons are connected by axons On the end of neurons there are dendrites

9.2 intellectual development Signs of intellectual growth Remembering experiences Making associations Understanding cause and effect Paying attention

Sensorimotor period Piaget’s first stage of learning Babies learn through their senses Learn object permanence – concept that objects will continue to exist even when they are out of sight- 10 months

9.3 Helping Infants Learn Communication Sign language As early as 6 months Enhances language development Learning to speak Babies must learn to associate meanings with words Caregivers should constantly talk to infant Understandable words between 8-15 months Reading teaches speech

Importance of play Essential to development Choosing toys Usefulness Safety