NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY GLACIATION REVISION ST. ANDREW’S HIGH SCHOOL NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY GLACIATION REVISION

Upland Glaciated Landscapes

By the end of this Unit of work you should be able to understand that: Glaciers are made of ice and they flow very slowly. Glaciers erode, transport and deposit material. Glaciers create lots of different landforms. Glacial landforms can be recognised on maps. Glaciated upland landscapes can be used in a variety of ways. Glaciated upland landscapes need to be managed for the future. Weather affects glaciated upland areas in certain ways.

Location of Glaciated Landscapes

Freeze thaw Action or Frost shattering It is most effective where the temperature fluctuates around 0°C, eg on north-facing high altitude slopes.

Freeze thaw action causes the rock to shatter. Sharp, angular pieces of rock are formed called scree. The broken rock falls and builds up at the base of an area of exposed rock. To form a scree slope. Generally the larger material builds up at the base, while finer grains are washed into spaces. The angle of a scree slope is 25-30 degrees

Plucking Plucking is when rocks and stones become frozen to the base of the glacier and are plucked from the ground as the glacier moves.

These lines on rocks are called striations Abrasion These lines on rocks are called striations Direction ice movement Rocks scrape against the bedrock Bedrock is scratched and polished Rocks and stones, picked up by the glacier are rubbed against the bedrock at the bottom and sides of the glacier. The rock is scratched, polished, smoothed and eventually worn away by the scouring action. The pieces of rock in the ice also become smaller through this rubbing action.

Snow collects in hollows and compacts to ice. Ice moves under gravity and its own weight, lubricated by meltwater-rotational sliding. Ice erodes more at the base and back of the hollow to form a raised lip at the front Abrasion deepens the corrie. Plucking and freeze thaw action steepens the back and sides. A Corrie lochan (tarn) may fill hollow.

Steep backwall Scree tarn Deep armchair hollow

Overdeepened hollow steep back wall Formation of a Corrie freeze thaw action steep backwall Overdeepened hollow Rotational sliding/slip scree plucking moraine abrasion lip tarn Label it to show:- Overdeepened hollow steep back wall rotational sliding/slip scree moraine plucking abrasion freeze thaw tarn lip

Formation of a Pyramidal Peak or Horn Matterhorn When three or more corries erode backwards a sharp pointed pyramid shape is created. This is called a Pyramidal Peak or Horn.

Formation of a Pyramidal Peak or Horn Three or more corries form around a peak. Where corrie sidewalls meet they form an arête (knife edge) The corrie erode into the peak. Arêtes meet to form a horn (pyramidal peak).

Recap a) 1. Name the glacial erosion features shown in the diagram. b) 2. Choose one of the following and with the aid of an annotated diagram explain its formation: corrie arête Pyramidal peak tarn

Characteristics of a Glacial U-Shaped Valley steep valley sides misfit stream hanging valley Between truncated spurs are hanging valleys which have not been eroded as deeply as the main valley. The river that flows through the valley after the ice age is described as a misfit stream. Interlocking spurs are truncated as the glacier cuts straight through the landscape. wide and flat valley floor truncated spurs

Truncated Spurs Truncated spurs are rounded areas of land which have been cut off. They are often rounded at the top but steep at the bottom. They are formed when glaciers move through the main valley and cut off spurs.

How and why do these valleys differ? river valley glaciated valley Unlike a river, a glacier fills the entire valley and so has much more power to erode. It does not have to wind around interlocking spurs and can widen, deepen and straighten its valley.

V Shaped river valley Before Glaciation Interlocking spurs During Glaciation Corrie glaciers flow into main valley Main valley glacier Smaller tributary valley After Glaciation Valley overdeepened, widened, straightened Wide flat bottom,steep sides

Hanging valley clip A hanging valley is a smaller side tributary valley left 'hanging' above the main u-shaped valley. A waterfall can often be seen. During glaciation the smaller side valley contains less ice than the main glacial valley, which is why it is not as deeply eroded.

Misfit rivers meander flow through the flat, wide U-shaped floor Misfit rivers meander flow through the flat, wide U-shaped floor. They look too small for the size of the valley. They did not erode the valley, as they formed in the valley after glaciation had carved out the U-shaped valley.

Name the features shown in the diagram below: corrie, pyramidal peak , hanging valley, truncated spur, alluvial fan, tarn, arête, ribbon lake , misfit stream, U shaped

Fieldsketch of Cwm Idwal looking south-west steep backwall shattered rock/scree tarn fence

Learning Intention To understand what upland Glaciated Erosion Features look like on O.S Maps. Success Criteria To be able to use a variety of OS Maps to identify upland glaciated features.

Corrie and Corrie Loch on a Map Notice the circular contour lines to represent the circular shape of the corrie. They are close together to show the steepness of the back and side walls. The corrie loch is represented by an area of blue to show water.

Tarns or lochans can be found within the horseshoe shaped corrie Names also help such as corrie,cirque,cwm,coire Armchair shaped hollow Look for Horseshoe shaped contours

Arete on an O.S.Map An arête is found between two corries the land is high and the symbol for bare rock appears corrie Bare rock Corrie with a tarn

Pyramidal Peak on an O.S.Map Corries Look for a spot height or a triangulation station with 3 or more corries surrounding it.

U-shaped Valley on a Map Notice that the lines are very close together at each side to represent the steep sided valley walls and there are no contour lines in the middle because the valley floor is flat.

U-shaped valley and Ribbon lake on an O.S.Map Whiteness on map due to flat valley floor Ribbon Lake Steep Valley sides close contours

U-shaped valley with misfit stream that looks too small for the size of the valley   Scree broken rock – look for black dots Truncated Spurs look for the black rock outcrop pattern running parallel along the sides of the U-Shaped valley

Task 1 identify the features labelled below: c a d e b f g

You may see a lot of tourist symbols, why might that be? Glaciated areas are very attractive to tourists. They provide: Beautiful scenery Recreational (sport) facilities Skiing Hill walking Rock Climbing Mountain biking Watersports Picnic Site: remember tourist symbols are blue.

Examination question List three pieces of map evidence to show that this area was glaciated. Map evidence: Circular lake with steep backwall (contours close together) – a corrie Dotted black lines suggest scree-like features – evidence of steep slopes and frost shattering – could be present day but steepness influenced by glaciation Tightly-packed contours creating circular hollows – several corrie type features cutting back-to-back to create steep ridges that may be arêtes Opportunity to raise map skills techniques here – on an OS map students could quote grid references, heights and named examples

Glaciation Map work Can you identify a U-shaped valley by giving a grid reference? Can you identify a Corrie and Corrie loch by giving a grid reference? Can you identify an arête and pyramidal peak?

  Land Use in Loch Lomond clip Learning Intention- To understand how the different glacial features are used. Success Criteria- To explain the advantages and disadvantages of different landuses.

National Parks in the UK   A National Park is a large area of countryside protected by rules and laws. National parks are found in beautiful and special areas including mountains, moorlands and coastal areas.

Scottish National Park Aims to conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area, to promote sustainable use of the natural resources of the area, to promote understanding and enjoyment (including enjoyment in the form of recreation) of the special qualities of the area by the public, and to promote sustainable economic and social development of the area’s communities

Can you spot 8 landuses in this upland glaciated landscape.

Sheep Farming

Hanging valley Hydro Electric Power Loch Sloy

Reservoirs Glen Finglas U-shaped Valleys

Forestry

Quarrying/Mining

Tourism Learning Intention -To understand the reasons for large numbers of tourists visiting Loch Lomond. Success Criteria –To sort impacts of tourism into benefits and problems.

THE A82 ROAD AS IT SKIRTS THE EDGE OF LOCH LOMOND Benefits of Tourism

Problems of Tourism

Land Use Conflicts Learning Intentions- Understand the pressure on the landscape from a variety of users To be able to describe land use conflicts in a National Park.

Conflicts Quarrying vs. Tourists/ Famers/NP -Dust from blasting, lands on farmers fields harming crops Traffic congestion on local roads due to slow moving trucks Noise of blasting ruins peaceful atmosphere of National Park and dust and waste can enter rivers Decline in number of tourists Blasting is noisy and creates dust and air pollution It is not sustainable and uses non renewable resources Animal habitats ruined, breeding grounds disrupted and farm animals frightened.

Leisure activities e.g. paint balling or climbing walls Solutions Leisure activities e.g. paint balling or climbing walls Quarry signs to show times/days of blasting Cover trucks before they leave the site Hose off trucks to wash off excess dust or transport rock by railway Hide disused quarries with trees Fill quarries with water for fishing/nature reserve Solutions Leisure activities e.g. paint balling or climbing walls Quarry signs to show times/days of blasting Cover trucks before they leave the site Hose off trucks to wash off excess dust or transport rock by railway Hide disused quarries with trees Fill quarries with water for fishing/nature reserve

Tourists vs local Second homes force up house prices meaning some locals can’t afford houses Jobs are seasonal Increase in traffic on local roads; pollution and journey times Tourism raises prices in local shops so villagers can’t afford higher prices New developments spoil the view e.g caravan sites, hotels

Solutions Limit number of second homes in area Tighter regulations for planning permission and new developments Encourage use of facilities all year round e.g. hotels for conventions, field trips,special offers Diversification e.g farmers can supplement their income though other activities such as a farm shop, quad biking Park and ride facilities from major cities

Tourists vs Farmers/N.P Tourists drop litter which animals can choke on Tourists leave gates open causing animals to escape Litter causes visual pollution Footpath erosion caused by tourists not sticking to the path Noise and congestion problems

Solutions National park rangers educate tourists about the Park and can issue on the spot fines More signs to encourage people to take litter home Swing shut gates Stone lined paths or fences put up

Role of Organisations that protect Loch Lomond Learning Intention : To understand the role of different organisations which help to protect upland glaciated areas. Success Criteria;To recall different management strategies used to help protect upland glaciated areas. RSPB- Inversnaid RSPB nature reserve has been set up to increase the amount of native woodland for the benefit of breeding birds, such as pied flycatchers and wood warblers.

The Great Trossachs Forest project is a collaboration made up of Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS), RSPB Scotland, Woodland Trust Scotland (WTS) and multi-national company, BP. The main aims of The Great Trossachs Forest project is for sustainable land management and use. Tree planting, natural woodland regeneration to try and increase the wildlife.

Scottish Natural Heritage is the government's adviser on all aspects of nature and landscape across Scotland. They aim to help everyone understand, value and enjoy Scotland's nature now and in the future   The John Muir Trust is a UK conservation charity dedicated to protecting wild places. It also runs an environmental award scheme encouraging awareness and responsibility for the natural environment, in a spirit of fun, adventure and exploration.

  SEPA manages the water environment(quality,pollution levels). Examples of work: Managing recreation on and around water bodies through Byelaws on Loch Lomond and codes of conduct (speed restrictions, laws on boats/behaviour) Education Working with communities/partners to protect and enhance the water environment. Work with user groups fishermen, commercial boat users, tourists.