1 Rise and Decline of Cities Cities experienced both rises and declines during Period III. Big Era CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE Big Era 6 Big Era CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE

The Rise and Decline of Cities The effects of trade and productivity on cities from CE 2

3 Between CE, many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Important Factors 5 Main Factors5 Main Factors –Population Growth/Migration –The Rise and Fall of States and Empires –Trade Networks –The Spread of Ideas and Beliefs –Diffusion of Crops and Technologies 4

5 World population grew from about 250 million to 460 million between 200 CE and 1500 CE. Sometimes interregional exchanges allowed disease to spread, as well as more helpful things. Bubonic Plague 

Population Growth and Migration Effects of a growing populationEffects of a growing population –Growing population strained the environment Deforestation, soil erosion, floods and faminesDeforestation, soil erosion, floods and famines –Diseases spread in heavily populated areas (along trade routes) –Cities who experienced these issues began to decline What did people do? –Migrate to escape floundering cities Took food, animals, and ideas to new home Pushed out existing residents and forced them to migrate elsewhere New farming and military technology were spread as well Introduced new languages, arts and cultures to new regions 6

7 People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. Vikings Bantu-Speaking People of Africa Mongols Turkic Groups People of Oceania Arabs Germanic Tribes Chinese

States and Empires The Fall of Classical EmpiresThe Fall of Classical Empires –Creates instability and the decline of major cities New Empires EmergeNew Empires Emerge –Stability improves trade and commerce –Trade=Cities Grow –Built on the framework of previous empires 8

States and Empires (Cont.) Contribution to the Rise of CitiesContribution to the Rise of Cities –Wars=Destruction, but also new inventions –Strong gov’t=Stability= Trade Increase –Patrons of science, art, and religion –Facilitated interactions of people from various backgrounds 9

10 Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

11 Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE Dar-al Islam

12 Mongol Empire Russia Sung China Koryo Kamakura Japan Delhi Sultanate Scandanavian Kingdoms Mali Zimbabwe Benin Oyo France Ethiopia Ayyubid Caliphate Almohad Caliphate Poland Rum H.R.E. Hungary England Portugal Spain States and Empires in 1237 CE States and Empires in 1237 CE Angkor THE EXCEPTION!!!!!!!!

13 Mali Oyo Benin Zimbabwe Zanj City-States Ethiopia Vijayanagara Siam Majapahit Ashikaga Japan Korea Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Granada PortugalCastile France Scotland England Union of Kalmar Holy Roman Empire Poland- Lithuania Hungary Ottoman Emp. Russian States Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Ming China Timurid Empire States and Empires in 1400 CE

Trade Networks Trade Networks Grow=Cities Grow Along Trade RoutesTrade Networks Grow=Cities Grow Along Trade Routes –Stimulates use of natural resources –Spread religion, art, science, and tech –Manufacturing grows (jobs) –Bank, credit, and money systems facilitate long distance trade 14 Trade Networks Create Demand –Cities provide new markets for consumer goods –Increased population creates needs –New foods can supplement higher populations –Merchants see opportunity in urban areas

15 From CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers. IOMS Trans-Saharan Silk Road Hanseatic League

Spread of Ideas and Beliefs Cultural Exchange –Trade increases interaction, interaction causes ideas to be exchanged Unity –Common belief systems –Religious and cultural centers emerge Conflict –New and old beliefs and cultures create conflict which can devastate cities 16

17 Transport and communication technologies improved. Transport and communication technologies improved. Astrolabe Lateen sail North Arabian camel saddle Books & paper Stern- rudder Stirrup Mapmakin g

18 Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding.

19 Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song.Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean.Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.

20 The pace of innovation increased.The pace of innovation increased. Knowledge accumulated more quickly.Knowledge accumulated more quickly. Manufacturing and farming productivity increased.Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. People’s diets and health improved.People’s diets and health improved. Sea travel and transport webs became thicker.Sea travel and transport webs became thicker. How did transfers of technology and products allow cities to grow?