The state of the Jews in the 1800’s Why there was a need for a Jewish national movement

Jewish dispersion 1881

Emancipation and legal status

Haskalah - the Jewish Enlightenment “Be a human being outside and a Jew at home” The main goals Integration in the non-Jewish Society Integration in the non-Jewish Society Adjust the Jewish way of life to the Modern world (dressing code, Language, professions) Adjust the Jewish way of life to the Modern world (dressing code, Language, professions) Dealing with Jewish holy texts in an academic way Dealing with Jewish holy texts in an academic way Add secular studies into Jewish institute’s curriculum. Add secular studies into Jewish institute’s curriculum. Adjusting Jewish religion to Modern European life Adjusting Jewish religion to Modern European life

The successes of the Jews in western and central Europe

The roots of Modern Anti-Semitism BiologyAnthropologyPhilosophy Social Darwinism Gobineau: the inequality of the races Walter – Secular denial Only the strong will survive Arian superiority – Jews inferiority Prudon – The Jews take over humanity A struggle between races Marx – The Jews are capitalist The central task of the German race Mer – The term anti- Semitism The negative contribution of the Jewish race The Jews are parasites and will finely strangle Europe the Protocols of the Elders Zion - an international Jewish plot

The left criticism The Jew wins from all of them

The right wing criticism The Jews as revolutionists

The Jews control the world

Pale of settlement

Haskala in eastern Europe

A step behind the developments in western European societies and among Jews in Europe The TimeEuropean state of mindState of minds among Jews 17 – 18 centuries Enlightenments segregation Begging of Haskalah (Mendelssohn) 19 century Nationalism and Romantic Enlightenments Assimilation Reform Judaism Jewish studies Orthodoxy back slash 1848 National and Liberal revulsions Integrating among European national movements 1870’s & 1880’sModern Anti-Semitism in central and western Europe; Riots (pogroms) in eastern Europe Jewish nationalism with Messianic believe 1880’s The movement of Lover of Zion (Hibat Zion) 1890’sThe Dreyfus affair in France Herzl and The Zionist movement