Chapter 13 Changes on the Western Frontier

Study for test for 10 minutes *Turning in starter notebook today!

Starter Monday, March 12 Look at the diagram “Importance of the Buffalo” on page 413. Answer the following questions: Name 6 items made by Plains Indians from the various parts of the buffalo. In addition to these items, what else did the Plains Indians use the buffalo for?

Starter: Wednesday, March 14 Using page 423 (Science & Technology: Inventions that tamed the prairie) explain the significance of each invention listed below: John Deere’s steel plow: Windmills: Barbed Wire

Agricultural Technology John Deere’s steel plow: made cutting through tough prairie soil easier Windmills: Wind power pumped water to the surface from deep wells Barbed Wire**: Made it possible for ranchers to create fenced in areas for cattle to graze; ** This ended life on the open range

Starter: Thursday, March 15 Read “Chief Joseph” & answer these questions: What was the Nez Perce nontreaty policy? How did the nontreaty policy affect U.S. government policy? Why did Chief Joseph take the Nez Perce to Canada rather than fight the army troops? What ultimately happened to Chief Joseph and his people?

Read about the life of a cowboy on pages 416-417 Starter Tuesday, March 13 Read about the life of a cowboy on pages 416-417 Write a diary entry for one day, as if you were a cowboy. Explain what your day was like. Make sure to use the information you read about and refer to it in your description of your day.

Starter Take out vocabulary homework Take out homework questions STUDY FOR TEST!!!

Starter 9/25 Review terms for vocabulary quiz! Civil Rights Act 1866 Impeachment Vicksburg Thirteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Bull Run Sharecropping Tenant Farming Cotton Dred Scott v. Sanford Popular Sovereignty Uncle Tom’s Cabin Slavery State’s Rights Carpetbagger Scalawag Large Population Anaconda Plan Emancipation Proclamation Antietam Whiskey Ring Abolition Radical Republicans Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction Andrew Johnson Freedman’s Bureau Fourteenth Amendment Take out last night’s homework!

After quiz Find your test and begin making corrections. We have a long journey to perfection!!

Vocabulary (Goal 4) Great Plains Homestead Act Treaty of Fort Laramie Sitting Bull George A. Custer Assimilation Dawes Act Battle of Wounded Knee Longhorn Chisholm Trail Long Drive Homestead Act Exoduster Soddy Morrill Act Bonanza farms Grange Populism Bimetallism William McKinley William Jennings Bryan Due Thursday 9/25

Women in the West Women who settled in the west found that they enjoyed greater freedom and flexibility than could be had in the east Women had more opportunities to take on roles traditionally open to men

Soddy

Immigrants Chinese & Irish immigrants worked to construct the railroad Chinese immigrants entered the country from the west coast

African Americans in the West African Americans moved west for new opportunities- they worked to construct the railroads & were cowboys Many African Americans served as soldiers for the US Army during the Indian Wars The “Buffalo Soldiers” served with distinction & showed great bravery African Americans who moved to the West after the Civil War were called exodusters

Western Settlement The government encouraged western settlement by passing the following laws: Homestead Act: The government would give any settler 160 acres if they would cultivate it for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act: This law distributed millions of acres of western territory to state governments; The state governments would then sell the plots of land and use the money to open agricultural colleges

Starter 9/26 Read Railroaders Open the West on page 375-76 How did the government stimulate railroad construction? What challenges did construction face? Imagine how the railroad impacted settlement of the west.

Starter 9/29 Hypothesize what advantages each of the following pieces of technology could have provided its users in the late 1800s. Barbed Wire Windmill Refrigerated Box Car (on trains)

Today Review Complete Into the West New Material Review for Test Tomorrow Test on Goal 4!

Native Americans & Westward Settlement Native Americans in the Great Plains depended on the buffalo for survival Settlers and fur trappers came to the area and practically all of the buffalo were destroyed, therefore destroying the Indian way of life Native Americans had been put on reservations (where they could live communally) to make way for white settlers In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed which forced Indians to farm individual plots of land, taking away their tribal way of life

The Indian Wars To keep the peace between white settlers and the tribes of the Great Plains, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed Famous Indian chiefs came to power at this time and resisted their tribes being put on reservations While the U.S. army won most of the Indian wars, the Sioux captured a major victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn. At this battle, Gen. George Armstrong Custer was killed

The Indian Wars In retaliation, the battles became more brutal The Indian Wars ended with the Massacre at Wounded Knee, in which almost 200 Sioux men, women & children were killed In Helen Hunt Jackson’s book, A Century of Dishonor, she describes the shameful way Native Americans had been treated

Write these in your starter notebook! Into the West Why were the buffalo important to the Sioux? What is the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? Why do the Dog Soldiers raid and refuse to farm? What happened at Promontory Point, Utah? What was the purpose of the Carlisle Indian Boarding School? Why did George cut his hair? Describe how the children were treated at the boarding school. What caused the Battle at Wounded Knee? In your opinion, was it a “battle” or a “massacre”?

Transcontinental Railroad In 1862, Congress coordinated an effort among railroad companies to construct a transcontinental railroad Union Pacific (east) and Central Pacific (California) railroad companies joined their tracks at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869

Transcontinental Railroad, Promontory Point, Utah

Farmers faced problems in the Problems of Farmers Farmers faced problems in the 1870s & 1880s: They received little profit from their crops due to overproduction Farm equipment became more expensive Railroads charged outrageous rates Fell way into debt

The Grange Farmers began banning together to protect their interests They started cooperatives (alliances) called granges They pooled money together to buy machinery and supplies Examples: Northwestern Alliance, Southern Farmers’ Alliance, and Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

The Populist Movement The movement of the “people” (Populist) that demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers & to give people greater voice in their government. The Populist Movement started a Populist Party, to elect officials so changes could be made in the government

William Jennings Bryan (Democratic Party Presidential Candidate), supported by the Populist Party “Cross of Gold Speech” (about the danger of the gold only standard)

The Populist Party PLATFORM & REFORMS Increase in the money supply, which would produce a rise in prices received for goods and services Graduated income tax Federal loan program for farmers & workers Direct election of U.S. Senators (popular vote) Single terms for the president & vice president Secret ballot voting 8-hour workday Restrictions on immigration

Bimetalism Bimetalism is the belief that money should be backed by both gold and silver (“Silverites”) “Gold Bugs” believed money should be backed by gold only. People viewed money as useless if it could not be turned in for gold or silver. Because silver was more plentiful than gold, silverites felt that money backed with both gold and silver would make more currency available (with less value per dollar). Silverites thought this would stimulate the economy, thus helping farmers and workers.

Election of 1896 The candidates of the 1896 election were: Republican Party: William McKinley Democratic Party (supported by the Populist Party): William Jennings Bryan Bryan made a very famous speech called the “Cross of Gold” (mankind, workers and farmers, were being crucified “upon a cross of gold”) McKinley won, ending the Populism But, many ideas of the Populist remained and sparked reform in the future.

Tin Man: Industrialists Toto: A dog Wizard: the President OZ: “ounce” oz. of gold Cowardly Lion: William Jennings Bryan Tin Man: Industrialists Scarecrow: Farmer Dorothy: “Common” man Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers: They were actually silver in the book representing the “silverites” Yellow Brick Road: Gold Standard

Western Failures Homestead Act Cowboys Not Successful You had to stay and work the land for four years People were sick of the hard life and left! Cowboys Responsible for herding (not with barbed wire) Barb wire kills the cowboys NO MORE OPEN RANGE!

Test Review Various people in the west (immigrants, women, African Americans, Native Americans) Indian Wars & boarding schools (assimilation); Dawes Act; buffalo How the government encouraged Western settlement? How did the Populist Movement emerge (problems faced by farmers), what was the Populist Party, what caused the end of the Populist Party, why is the Populist Party significant? Currency debate: Gold bugs v. silverites Agricultural technology/advances Life on the western prairie (soddy, cowboys, open range, long drive)