Three Approaches to the Presidency Historical Historical Institutional Institutional Character Character

1. Historical

Historical: Presidential Power War: Presidents’ Military Service War: Presidents’ Military ServicePresidents’ Military ServicePresidents’ Military Service

Historical: Eligibility Who can be president? Who can be president?

2. Institutional Approach

Basic Structure US Constitution US Constitution Executive LegislativeJudicial

Cabinet-StyleCabinet-Style Government (standard organizational structure) Cabinet-Style President Secretary of… Deputy Sec of… Undersecretary of… Assistant Secretary of… Secretary of…

Career vs. Appointee Transition Clinton W Career Clinton W Career

Advisors to the President

3. Character

Character: The Good

Character: The Bad

Character: The Ridiculous

What decides the outcome of a President’s attempts to pass legislation or to get his agenda implemented? Persuasion-Bargaining Model The individual President matters Success or failure in the presidency is idiosyncratic What matters? The President’s character The President’s political skill and strategy The President’s intelligence The President’s imagination Institutional Model The individual President does not matter Success of failure in the presidency is based on institutional and historical forces What matters? The political pressures on the president The institutional relationships of the US government (Congress, Depts, lobby groups) Party control of the executive and legislative branches The historical context

Cycles of Political Time 1. Politics of Reconstruction 2. Politics of Articulation 3. Politics of Disjunction

The New Deal Order 1.FDR LBJ Carter

Key Issues 1. Presidential Domination 2. Institutional Environment 3. Cycles of Presidential Power

1. Presidential Domination

Lincoln Memorial

Jefferson Memorial

Mt. Rushmore

FDR Memorial

Speaker of the House Monument?

2. Institutional Environment Time State Governments State Courts Congress Federal Judiciary People Media Bureaucracy President

3. Cycles of Presidential Power LBJ/Nixon Reagan Bush 43 Carter/Ford Bush 41/Clinton

Early Debates on the Executive Hamilton Madison Presidential power checks and balances

Creating the Executive Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation US Constitution US Constitution US Constitution US Constitution The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers

Enough Intro…

Design of the US Government Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation US Constitution US Constitution Executive LegislativeJudicial

Institutional Powers Article One: Article One: Congressional Powers Declare War Declare War Raise and support armed forces Raise and support armed forces Regulate armed forces Regulate armed forces Senate: approve executive branch officials Senate: approve executive branch officials Senate: advise and consent on treaties Senate: advise and consent on treaties Tax and Spend money Tax and Spend money Article Two: Executive Powers Make treaties Make treaties Appoint officials and ambassadors Appoint officials and ambassadors Commander-in-chief of armed forces Commander-in-chief of armed forces

Supreme Court Judicial Review Marbury V. Madison 1803 Marbury V. Madison 1803 “Implied Powers” in Constitution McCulloch V. Maryland 1819 McCulloch V. Maryland 1819 John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,

Executive Orders By President since FDR Executive Orders By President since FDR Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation 9/22/62 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation 9/22/62Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation FDR’s Orders 1937 FDR’s Orders 1937Orders 1937Orders 1937 Carter creates FEMA 7/20/79 Carter creates FEMA 7/20/79FEMA Bush creates HSC and OHS 10/8/01 Bush creates HSC and OHS 10/8/01HSC and OHS HSC and OHS Bush Military Order on Unlawful Enemy Combatants 11/13/01 Bush Military Order on Unlawful Enemy Combatants 11/13/01Military Order Military Order Obama Executive Order on Immigration 11/20/14 Obama Executive Order on Immigration 11/20/14 Immigration

Choosing a President Electoral Votes Electoral Votes 12th Amendment 12th Amendment Election Results Election Results Election Results Election Results Electoral College Rules Electoral College Rules Electoral College Rules Electoral College Rules

Electoral College Number of electoral votes: 538 Number of electoral votes: 538 Number of House of Reps seatsNumber of House of Reps seats Based on population Based on population Number of Senate seatsNumber of Senate seats Two per State Two per State State wide elections State wide elections Winner of state vote gets electoral votes Winner of state vote gets electoral votes Winner needs 270 Winner needs 270 Winner needs 270 Winner needs 270

Actually Electing the President 2012 November 6, 2012—Election Day: The voters in each State chose electors to serve in the Electoral College. December 17, 2012—Meeting of Electors: The electors in each State met to select the President and Vice President of the United States. December 26, 2012—Deadline for Receipt of Electoral Votes: Federal and State officials had to have the electoral votes in hand. January 4, 2013—Electoral Votes Counted in Congress.

Electoral Votes 2008

Electoral College 2016

Red States 2016 (180 EV)

Blue States 2016 (215 EV)

Swing States (143 EV)

2012 Results ( ) Obama Victory

Problems? US Election Atlas US Election Atlas US Election Atlas US Election Atlas

Before the 12 th Amendment