FRANCE in the 18 th Century. LOUIS XIV Modern state: sovereign leader controls administration of justice and power L’etat, c’est moi Divine right (Bishop.

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Monarchs of Europe CHAPTER 19

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Presentation transcript:

FRANCE in the 18 th Century

LOUIS XIV Modern state: sovereign leader controls administration of justice and power L’etat, c’est moi Divine right (Bishop Bossuet) Absolutism intendants Controlled army; war became act of state civil administration (first war ministers)

COLBERT Mercantilism Five Great Farms: free trade, reduced internal tariffs Commercial Code: quality French goods French East India Company

THE WARS OF LOUIS XIV: BEFORE 1700 Invasion of Spanish Netherlands beaten back by Triple Alliance (Dutch, English, Swedish) Treaty of Nimwegen (1678): France territorial gain League of Augsburg (William of Orange) countered Louis XIV’s infiltration of divided HRE Peace at Ryswick (1697): status quo antebellum Meanwhile, Charles II of Spain

WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION The war lasted 11 years, from 1702 to The two main aspirants to the Spanish throne were the king of France and the Holy Roman Emperor. Both had married one of Charles II’s sisters. They tried to partition Spain in order to maintain the balance of power. However, Charles II bequeathed Spain to Louis XIV’s grandson.

The Grande Alliance unites in order to preserve the balance of power in Europe. Grande Alliance – England, Holland, Austria; supported by Brandenburg, Portugal, and Savoy. Each country had goals to be accomplished during the war. Because all the involved parties kept raising their demands, the war dragged on.

THE PEACE OF UTRECHT The Peace of Utrecht divided Spain among more than just France and the HRE. Britain remained at Gibraltar and got Minorca. The Duke of Savoy gained Sardinia. The Austrian Habsburgs acquired Naples, Milan, Sicily, and the Spanish. Louis XIV’s grandson is confirmed as the king of Spain. However, the French and Spanish thrones must never be inherited by the same person.

FRANCE AND THE THREE AGING EMPIRES Holy Roman Empire French support for “Germanic liberties” and rival candidate to Habsburgs Louis XIV a model for ambitious German lords Ottoman Empire: “extraterrestrial” privileges Partitions of Poland detrimental to France

FRENCH-ENGLISH COMMERCIAL RIVALRY East India companies Government-sponsored industry and trade France, Europe and Middle East; England, Africa and Americas France: sugar:: England: slaves

THE FRENCH ECONOMY AFTER 1713 The Mississippi Company John Law stocks and bonds speculation and collapse National debt considered king’s debt Cardinal Fleury objective: maintain peace (unsuccessful)

THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, General disregard for Pragmatic Sanction French nobility wanted Austrian annexation France pitted German princes against Habsburgs French objective: prevent German “universal monarchy” French weakness: European vs. overseas ventures Peace at Aix-la-Chapelle (1748): status quo antebellum

THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR, France failed to partition Prussia French-English dispute: economic, colonial, and naval supremacy French and Indian Wars William Pitt French gained Native American support America: territory:: India: commerce Indian religious wars Dupleix; “sepoys” Robert Clive; battle of Plassey (1757) British triumph (superior naval force)

THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1763 France conceded American territory to Britain and Spain Results: British dominated commerce, but French still commercially active