UNIT 3: LAUNCHING THE REPUBLIC CHAPTER 5: THE FEDERALIST ERA

SECTION 1: THE FIRST PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON—1789 Set Precedents that others will follow VICE PRESIDENT—JOHN ADAMS

First Congress Started Executive Departments – Department of State  Foreign Affairs – Department of Treasury  Nation’s Finance – Department of War  Manage Military – Attorney General  Gov’t Legal Affairs – Postmaster General  Postal Service

PRESIDENTIAL CABINET THOMAS JEFFERSON SECRETARY OF STATE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SECRETARY OF TREASURY

PRESIDENTIAL CABINET HENRY KNOX SECRETARY OF WAR EDMUND RANDOLPH ATTORNEY GENERAL

CABINET TODAY VP—Joe Biden Secretary of State-John Kerry Treasury Secretary—Jack Lew Defense Secretary—Chuck Hagel Attorney General—Eric Holder Interior/Agriculture/Commerce/Energy/ Education/Labor/Transportation/Housing/ Veteran’s Affairs…

JUDICIARY ACT of 1789 Established Supreme Court Lower Federal Courts District Courts & Court of Appeals First Supreme Court Chief Justice JOHN JAY

BILL OF RIGHTS 1791—12 Amendments proposed by Madison Congress added 10 Amendments to the Constitution—Bill of Rights Protect Individual Liberties

NATIONAL DEBT US owed Millions to France & Netherlands for Revolutionary War Debt Owed Millions to US Citizens

HAMILTON’S PLAN 1.Full funding of debt—Pay off Foreign Nations 2. Assumption of state debt—Debate on Bonds—Less Debt in South—Speculators Profit Compromise—Move permanent capital to Washington D.C. 3. Bank of U.S.—Opposition by Jefferson/Madison 1) Too much power over money to wealthy 2) Unconstitutional Bank is chartered for 20 years—deposit taxes/provide loans

HAMILTON’S PLAN 4) PROTECTIVE TARIFF—tax on imports/protect US industry Opposed by South—No industry to protect Low tariff passed  majority of gov’t revenue 5) National Taxes—help pay off debt

SECTION 2: EARLY CHALLENGES

WHISKEY REBELLION Whiskey used as valuable Barter piece Farmers resist tax on Whiskey—violence against tax collectors 15,000 Federal Troops sent to Western PA Effect  Government will use force to protect laws

COURT QUESTION… WERE THE CITIZENS GUILTY OF REBELLING & VIOLATING THE LAW OR WERE THEIR ACTIONS AS TAX RESISTERS JUSTIFIABLE?

WIGLE WHISKEY PITTSBURGH PA

BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS Natives defend their lands in Northwest Territory Natives defeated by US Army IN OHIO

Natives will acknowledge the authority & protection of the US government Future land sales must be made to US Treaty of Greenville--1795

EUROPEAN TROUBLES French Revolution—Violence split US Public Opinion France & Britain War (1793)---USA  NEUTRAL

PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY American citizens cannot fight in war No French or British ships in US ports French had Americans serving on ships – Attacked British ships British impressed Americans – Captured US Merchant ships

Jay’s Treaty-1794 John Jay to Britain British leave forts in US & pay damages for seized ships Americans did not like Treaty – Didn’t stop impressments or trade interference

Pinckney’s Treaty Spain gave Americans free navigation of MS River & right to trade at New Orleans Set Florida border

Washington’s Farewell Address Precedent of Two- Term Presidency WARNINGS: – Danger of Political Parties – Danger of Permanent Foreign Alliances

SECTION 3: THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES

BOOK PAGE 292 HAMILTON-implied Powers—powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution

ELECTION of 1796 FEDERALISTS JOHN ADAMS REPUBLICANS THOMAS JEFFERSON 68 VOTES  VICE PRESIDENT 71 VOTES  PRESIDENT

XYZ AFFAIR French impressing Americans French denied American delegates France demanded a loan & bribe from Americans America responds by strengthening Navy & Army Quasi-War with France

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS Americans suspicious of French aliens, strengthen federal government, & silence Republican opposition Alien Act--President can imprison or deport aliens he considered dangerous Sedition Act--Crime to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous, or malicious” criticism of the government

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS EFFECTS Hurt Federalist Party Increased belief in state’s rights – States more powerful than Federal gov’t Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions – Written by Madison & Jefferson – States can NULLIFY federal laws considered unconstitutional

1800: PEACE WITH FRANCE… Adams refused war Split Federalist Party