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Parallelism repeating a grammatical structure or an arrangement of words to create a sense of rhythm and momentum. Ask not what your country can do for you —ask what you can do for your country. -JFK …in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract…. that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. -Abraham Lincoln (from “The Gettysburg Address”)

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Repetition expressing different or the same ideas using the same words or images in order to reinforce concepts and unify the speech “If you have an important point to make, don’t try to be subtle or clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again. Then hit it a third time – a tremendous whack.” Winston Churchill In other words….say it loud and clear and again and again and….yes, again.

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Restatement expressing the same idea in different words to clarify and stress key points Example: Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lat ahead, not knowing what they would find at the top of the hill, not knowing that they were so near to the outpost.

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Analogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. I feel like a fish out of water. This analogy implies that you are not comfortable in your surroundings.

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Emotional Appeal “This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and prosper…” (Roosevelt 503).

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Appeal to Logic “…the only thing we have to fear, is fear itself” (Roosevelt 503).

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Understatement deliberately expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact. It was unkind of him to throw hot soup on his friend.

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Rhetorical question is not answered by the author because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand. But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish billboards?... For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on? --Marcus Aurelius

Activities

YOU TRY IT… Fix these not- so -parallel structures. 1.Someone acquiring knowledge is similar to finding a new path in the woods. 2. Machiavelli advocates relying on one's own strength, leaving as little to chance as possible, and the need to get rid of sentimental attachments. 3. Touchstone satirizes courtly manners, woos Audrey, and he tries to avoid marriage.

For each of the following write: 1. what is being understated 2. rewrite the sentence or phrase without the use of understatement 3. when you rewrote the sentence did it change the meaning? Henry and Catherine were married, the bells rang, and everybody smiled.... To begin perfect happiness at the respective ages of twenty-six and eighteen is to do pretty well Jane Austen Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. --Jonathan Swift You know I would be a little disappointed if you were to be hit by a drunk driver at two a.m., so I hope you will be home early.

Homer uses rhetorical questions Mother Simpson: [singing] How many roads must a man walk down before you can call him a man? Homer: Seven. Lisa: No, dad, it's a rhetorical question. Homer: OK, eight. Lisa: Dad, do you even know what "rhetorical" means? Homer: Do I know what "rhetorical" means? Questions: How many rhetorical questions appear in this dialogue? What is dialogue? Who is speaking the rhetorical questions?

Rhetorical questions one after the next… We shrink from change; yet is there anything that can come into being without it? What does Nature hold dearer, or more proper to herself? Could you have a hot bath unless the firewood underwent some change? Could you be nourished if the food suffered no change? Do you not see, then, that change in yourself is of the same order, and no less necessary to Nature? -Marcus Aurelius How many rhetorical questions appear in the above paragraph? How do you know these questions to be rhetorical?

Analogy Here's the analogy. If my body were a car, I'd be thinking about trading it in around now. I would like to upgrade. I would be actually on the lot somewhere and some guy with a loud sports jacket would be sizing me up...kinda lookin' around goin-- maybe kickin my knees. Looking behind me going: "That looks a little bashed in back there...Yeah. You mind if I check under the hood?" 'Well yes I do! Thank you very much.’ -Ellen Degeneres Questions: Does the above paragraph stick to the definition of analogy (ie: an unfamiliar thing compared with a familiar one)? What are the two things being compared?

Sources: uky.edu virtualsalt.com johnheald.files.wordpress.com knowgramming.com washcoll.edu

An excerpt from a speech given by Churchill after Britain’s evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940: “We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender....” Answer: 1. What word or phrase is repeated 2. why/how does it either strengthen or diminish the power of the speech?