Warm-Up How is the Egyptian social structure similar to the social structure today?

VOCAB Polytheistic- The worship of many gods Pyramid- A tomb to preserve the body of a Pharaoh for the afterlife The Nile- The river in North Africa around which the Egyptian civilization formed Hieroglyphics- The Egyptian system of Writing Pharaoh- God-king of ancient Egypt “The Gift of the Nile”- the Egyptian civilization

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Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom ( ) –Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt –pyramids built Middle Kingdom ( ) –extension of Egyptian control into Nubia New Kingdom ( ) –militaristic - Hebrews enslaved –mummification perfected

Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis –Permits some trade –Defense from invasion Contributes to feeling of safety –preserves artifacts

“Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus

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The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion –Predictable –Irrigation systems Encourages –Trade –Communication –Political unity

The Nile 2416

The Nile And a Stable food Supply

The Nile

The Nile and Religion Impact on religion –divided life - living and dying. East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs

Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic –interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun –over 2000 gods Pharaoh as living god Afterlife –Evolution of who has an afterlife Old vs. New Kingdom

Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart

Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil

Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 23451

Why build Pyramids? Religious structures- Tombs Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1.Bodies be interred whole 2.Material goods for use in afterlife be present The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs 1.First were mastabas 2.Then pyramids 3.Then later… hidden tombs

Mastaba

Great Pyramid and Technology Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square (deviation.05%) Orientation is exactly North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5 tons –Some weigh 9 tons!

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Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front

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Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps

Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated

Inner coffin Mummy

Second inner coffin lid Second inner coffin

Shawabti box Gift bearers Model boat Funerary Gifts and Art

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The Pharaoh Religion and Government God-King –Temporal power owns all the land and people and what people posses law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation no city walls

The Pharaoh God-King –Religious direct descendant of the Sun god controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh –365 day calendar

Daily Life in Egypt Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs main food is beer and bread –Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height Most common job … farming

Farmers in Egypt and food supply

Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels Different pronunciations –MNFR as Memphis –SR as Osiris –TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese Who learns this writing style?

Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone Napoleon and Egyptology

Egyptian Artwork Egyptian Farmers & animals Stela (carved stone) Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you!