km’s; hours to weeks 100-km; years 1000-km, decades Two-Way Interactions Global ocean and climate dynamics strongly influence processes at local scales (and vice versa), particularly in coastal regions Global-Scale Links with Local-Scale In a nonlinear, coupled system, scales are linked.

dynamicinterface of land, sea and air Coastal zones are dynamic regions, at the interface of land, sea and air. heavily populated They also are typically heavily populated and often urbanized. There is frequent exchange of energy and matter across boundaries, with humans impacting the ocean and vice versa. Coastal Zones: Dynamic, Interfacial Regions

Observational Strategies Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. along-track interferometry)

Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget, complicated by significant complexity in the following realms: Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent

Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget, complicated by significant complexity in the following realms: Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000 element swath; SNR minimum - SNR with image summing > 3000.

Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget, complicated by significant complexity in the following realms: Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000 element swath; SNR minimum - SNR with image summing > Implementation: Short-term: pursue dedicated ESSP-class mission or potential instrument of opportunity - to commence development in the next 5 years.

Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget, complicated by significant complexity in the following realms: Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000 element swath; SNR minimum - SNR with image summing > Implementation: Short-term: pursue dedicated ESSP-class mission or potential instrument of opportunity - to commence development in the next 5 years. Longer term: next generation to provide higher spatial res and/or other obs. (e.g., SST); constellations.

Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change. Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.

Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change. Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent. Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal; Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath.

Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change. Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent. Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal; Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath. Implementation target: Short-term: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, nm width);

Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change. Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent. Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal; Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath. Implementation target: Short-term: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, nm width); Near-term (5-10 years out): pursue advanced multi-spectral, high-res global mission as single instrument ESSP class mission or one with additional aerosol measurement capabilities.

Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change. Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent. Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal; Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath. Implementation target: Short-term: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, nm width); Near-term (5-10 years out): pursue advanced multi-spectral, high-res global mission as single instrument ESSP class mission or one with additional aerosol measurement capabilities. Long term: 2nd generation hyperspectral imager flown together with an ocean-aerosol lidar; additional Aerosl sensor such as a polarimeter included to provide additional off-nadir estimates.

Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded land regions, and seafloor features. Hazardous and episodic events require repeat sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations.

Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded land regions, and seafloor features. Hazardous and episodic events require repeat sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations. Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone.

Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded land regions, and seafloor features. Hazardous and episodic events require repeat sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations. Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone. Implementation target: Short-term: Continued development of airborne lidar and imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters.

Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded land regions, and seafloor features. Hazardous and episodic events require repeat sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations. Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone. Implementation target: Short-term: Continued development of airborne lidar and imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters. Near- term: Develop and implement portable sensor technologies which can be deployed on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Deploy the prototype coastal ocean habitat/hazard UAV system.

Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded land regions, and seafloor features. Hazardous and episodic events require repeat sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require repeated observations. Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone. Implementation target: Short-term: Continued development of airborne lidar and imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters. Near- term: Develop and implement portable sensor technologies which can be deployed on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Deploy the prototype coastal ocean habitat/hazard UAV system. Long-term: Development of a fleet of UAVs with portable sensors that can be deployed throughout the globe at a short notice to track hazards. Development of optimization algorithms for deployment of UAVs.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry) High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards processes/features and habitat conditions. However, need to address issues such as: 1)improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts; 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry) High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards processes/features and habitat conditions. However, need to address issues such as: 1)improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts; 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts. Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies. Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds, likely in a scatterometer configuration. The combined current/wind instrument could be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry) High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards processes/features and habitat conditions. However, need to address issues such as: 1)improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts; 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts. Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies. Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds, likely in a scatterometer configuration. The combined current/wind instrument could be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously. Implementation target: Short-term: leverage existing/planned international SAR efforts.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry) High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards processes/features and habitat conditions. However, need to address issues such as: 1)improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts; 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts. Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies. Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds, likely in a scatterometer configuration. The combined current/wind instrument could be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously. Implementation target: Short-term: leverage existing/planned international SAR efforts. Longer-term: pursue development of new capabilities such as the integrated ATI-Scat Concept; also need constellation of platforms to provide improved coverage.