LANGUAGE Chapter 5

LANGUAGE A system of symbolic communication using sounds and/or gestures that are able to be understood by all members within a society that share the language. A system of symbolic communication using sounds and/or gestures that are able to be understood by all members within a society that share the language. Examples? Examples? Symbol vs. Signal Symbol vs. Signal Symbol: Shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects. Symbol: Shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects. Signal: An instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning. Signal: An instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning.

HUMANS vs. PRIMATES Koko the Gorilla: Koko the Gorilla: &ei=v8NfS6f2CKjGqQKpyoyrCg&q=koko+the+gorilla&hl=en& client=firefox-a# &ei=v8NfS6f2CKjGqQKpyoyrCg&q=koko+the+gorilla&hl=en& client=firefox-a# &ei=v8NfS6f2CKjGqQKpyoyrCg&q=koko+the+gorilla&hl=en& client=firefox-a# &ei=v8NfS6f2CKjGqQKpyoyrCg&q=koko+the+gorilla&hl=en& client=firefox-a# Chimpanzees, Orangutans and Gorillaz can communicate through sign language at the level of a ~2-3 year old human child. Chimpanzees, Orangutans and Gorillaz can communicate through sign language at the level of a ~2-3 year old human child. Human culture is ultimately dependent on an elaborate system of communication far more complex than that of any other species. Human culture is ultimately dependent on an elaborate system of communication far more complex than that of any other species.

LINGUISTICS The Study of Language -- one of the 4 major sub-fields of Anthropology Descriptive Linguistics Descriptive Linguistics Phonology: “Sound-study” The study of language sounds Phonology: “Sound-study” The study of language sounds Sounds in some languages that are absent/difficult to pronounce in others? Sounds in some languages that are absent/difficult to pronounce in others? Morphology: “Form-study” The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language: Verb tenses, pluralization and compound words Morphology: “Form-study” The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language: Verb tenses, pluralization and compound words Syntax: The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences Syntax: The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences Grammar: The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax Grammar: The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax Grammar rules of different languages? Definite article differences? Grammar rules of different languages? Definite article differences?

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS The origins/changing nature of language Deciphering “dead” languages Deciphering “dead” languages Differences between earlier and later forms of the same language Differences between earlier and later forms of the same language How older languages developed into modern ones How older languages developed into modern ones Interrelationships among older languages Interrelationships among older languages

LANGUAGE FAMILY A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language Indo-European Language Family: Indo-European Language Family: Slavic Language Family: Slavic Language Family: Nilo-Saharan Language Family: Nilo-Saharan Language Family: GLOTTOCHRONOLOGY: The Linguistic divergence of languages may be traced by a method known as glottochronology which compares the core vocabularies of languages (pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects). Assumption: These basic vocabulary words change more slowly than other words and at a more or less constant rate of 14 to 19 percent per 1,000 years. GLOTTOCHRONOLOGY: The Linguistic divergence of languages may be traced by a method known as glottochronology which compares the core vocabularies of languages (pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects). Assumption: These basic vocabulary words change more slowly than other words and at a more or less constant rate of 14 to 19 percent per 1,000 years.

PROCESSES OF LINGUISTIC DIVERGENCE Selective Borrowing Selective Borrowing Ex: Foreign words in the English language? English words in other languages? Ex: Foreign words in the English language? English words in other languages? Professional Specialization Professional Specialization Ex: Anthropology terms! Medical, Legal terms Ex: Anthropology terms! Medical, Legal terms Sub-culture lingo Sub-culture lingo Does the “gamer” culture have specific lingo? How about those who frequent Starbucks? Does the “gamer” culture have specific lingo? How about those who frequent Starbucks?

LANGUAGE LOSS AND REVIVAL Language loss usually the result of a dominant society assimilating subordinate societies. Language loss usually the result of a dominant society assimilating subordinate societies. Ex: English colonialism (500 years). In U.S. wiped out about half of all Native American languages. Ex: English colonialism (500 years). In U.S. wiped out about half of all Native American languages. Over the last ~500 years, 3,500 of the world’s 10,000 or so languages have become extinct because of forced assimilation, epidemics and warfare. Over the last ~500 years, 3,500 of the world’s 10,000 or so languages have become extinct because of forced assimilation, epidemics and warfare. UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) is focused on preserving and reviving traditional languages UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) is focused on preserving and reviving traditional languages Initiative Promotes multilingualism on the Internet, this initiative aims to bridge the digital divide (over 80% of all internet users speak just 10 languages -- chart on p. 109 in your book) to make access to Internet content and services more equitable for users worldwide. Initiative Promotes multilingualism on the Internet, this initiative aims to bridge the digital divide (over 80% of all internet users speak just 10 languages -- chart on p. 109 in your book) to make access to Internet content and services more equitable for users worldwide Reviving and Preserving language Reviving and Preserving language Koro language, Northeast India: news/enduring-voices-koro-vin.html Koro language, Northeast India: news/enduring-voices-koro-vin.html news/enduring-voices-koro-vin.html news/enduring-voices-koro-vin.html Through song: Ethnographic Example: Andy Palacio and the Garifuna culture: Through song: Ethnographic Example: Andy Palacio and the Garifuna culture:

LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SETTINGS Sociolinguistics: Relationship between language and society. How social categories (age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech. Sociolinguistics: Relationship between language and society. How social categories (age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech. Gendered Speech: Distinct male and female speech patterns Gendered Speech: Distinct male and female speech patterns Ex (book): Lakota language and Dances w/ Wolves Ex (book): Lakota language and Dances w/ Wolves Ex: Gendered speech in U.S. culture? Ex: Gendered speech in U.S. culture? Dialects: Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible. Dialects: Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible. Ex: Formal (standard) vs. Informal speech Ex: Formal (standard) vs. Informal speech A few American Dialects: A few American Dialects: Sampler: Sampler: Appalachian: Appalachian: Louisiana Swamp: Louisiana Swamp:

LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SETTINGS cont. “ LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SETTINGS cont. Ethnolinguistics: The study of the relationships between language and culture, and how they mutually influence and inform each other Ethnolinguistics: The study of the relationships between language and culture, and how they mutually influence and inform each other Linguistic Relativity: The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language Linguistic Relativity: The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language Ex: Color spectrum and arbitrary names/divisions Ex: Color spectrum and arbitrary names/divisions Ex: Things most important to a culture are accorded more names and concepts Ex: Things most important to a culture are accorded more names and concepts The Ayamara Indians in the Bolivian Highlands have 200 words for “Potato” The Ayamara Indians in the Bolivian Highlands have 200 words for “Potato” The Nuer pastoralists of Africa have over 400 names for cattle. The Nuer pastoralists of Africa have over 400 names for cattle. Ex: How many words do we have for “car”? Types of “car”? Ex: How many words do we have for “car”? Types of “car”? What do elements of our language say about us… What do elements of our language say about us… We “conquer” space, “fight” the “battle” of the bulge, carry out a “war” against drugs, make a “killing” of the stock market, “shoot down” an argument, “torpedo” a plan, “spearhead” a movement, “decapitate” a foreign government, or “bomb” on an exam. We “conquer” space, “fight” the “battle” of the bulge, carry out a “war” against drugs, make a “killing” of the stock market, “shoot down” an argument, “torpedo” a plan, “spearhead” a movement, “decapitate” a foreign government, or “bomb” on an exam. “The structure of the language one habitually uses influences the manner in which one understands his environment. The picture of the universe shifts from tongue to tongue.” -B.J. Whorf

GESTURE-CALL SYSTEM Body signs account for over 60% of our total communication Body signs account for over 60% of our total communication It provides the “key” to speech, providing listeners with the appropriate frame for interpreting what a speaker is saying. It provides the “key” to speech, providing listeners with the appropriate frame for interpreting what a speaker is saying. Ideas about personal space? Business space? Ideas about personal space? Business space? Paralanguage: voice effects that convey meaning Paralanguage: voice effects that convey meaning Giggling/groaning/sighing/pitch/tempo of words Giggling/groaning/sighing/pitch/tempo of words  Clip from Pretty Woman: Tonal languages: In some languages, intoning a word slightly differently will change the word entirely. Ex? (70% of the world’s language are Tonal) Tonal languages: In some languages, intoning a word slightly differently will change the word entirely. Ex? (70% of the world’s language are Tonal) Ex: Zhutwasi, or “San Bushmen” click language: Ex: Zhutwasi, or “San Bushmen” click language: What about texting, , Facebook, etc… without body signs and other cues, how do we get across the right meaning? What about texting, , Facebook, etc… without body signs and other cues, how do we get across the right meaning? (According to a recent study, the intended tone of messages is perceived correctly only 56% of the time) (According to a recent study, the intended tone of messages is perceived correctly only 56% of the time)