Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 1 Ch 9 – Productivity Productivity – the capacity of a rule to apply to novel circumstances. P. 190 Vowel nasalization in English is a fully productive rule. Postnasal /t/ deletion in English = not 100% productive. Isn’t a rule that applies 100% of the time (differences in casual versus careful speech for most) Also – there are lexical exceptions, like intonation

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 2 Ch 9 – Productivity Polish /n/ weakening (becoming a nasalized [w]) – shows some exceptions to rule, so does that make it not productive? No – the exceptions are borrowed words (sometimes they don’t follow typical phonological rules in a language – like borrowings from Yiddish into English allowing shl- as an onset) Polish shows transference of this rule to other languages, indicating it as a productive rule. Some exceptions are 100% (like intonation which never applies the rule) versus “part-time” exceptions like Polish (diff between careful and casual speech)

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 3 Ch 9 – Productivity Theoretical problem for rules that aren’t 100% productive – are these exceptions stored in the lexicon and each is memorized (like suppletive forms go~went) The /f/ voicing rule for some English plurals is complicated, has many exceptions, and is not fully productive. If we create a new word in English, like spife then what is the plural? Some cases that appear to be phonological rules (that is, we can see a systematic pattern) may be not productive and therefore not a rule at all. Sometimes, old phonological alternations become leveled (historical process that eliminate certain alternations in favor of a more productive one) and we are left with a handful of alternations. If they don’t show any productivity, then we must assume the rule has been lost and these are memorized in lexicon

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 4 Ch 9 – Productivity Shows that there are different types of rules /f/ voicing is a minor rule and only applies to certain forms. Basically, this rule is memorized in the lexicon, rather than just memorizing the separate plural form. Has diacritic feature [+/f/ Voicing] A major rule – normal productive rule Can have a form with a diacritic feature [-Rule X] that blocks rule from applying. 3 degrees of productivity: minor rules, major rules with exceptions, and major rules without exceptions. Lardil example of an exception to the Apocope and Final lowering rules.

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 5 Ch 9 – Productivity Wug test – ways to test productivity Yidijn shows 2 morphemes to form the ergative case. Since there is no real phonological connection between them, we can say that these 2 morphemes are both underlying and which form gets selected depends on the form of the stem Sometimes, a data pattern shows multiple allomorphs which cannot be derived from phonological rules (called Allomorphy) Example of stem allomorphy in Persian. Shows a different stem for the present than for the past without any phonological connection between the two (we can’t easily apply phono rules to derive one from the other). Just 2 separate lexical entries

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 6 Ch 9 – Productivity Possible to analyze Lardil /k/ epenthesis as allomorphy instead of a limited phonological rule. If stem ends in nasal, then use 1 allomorph. If not, use the other. A morphological or lexical account is required when an alternation is morpheme- specific and there is no phonological relationship between the allomorphs A phonological analysis is required when the alternation is productively extended to new morphemes There are intermediate cases where we cannot determine the correct analysis with our current knowledge.

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 7 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Bounding domain = rule only applies when all segments are within the same domain. Word-bounded rule = all parts of the environment string are within a word – discusses /ai/ raising – what about tai chi and chai tea?

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 8 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Pseudo-minimal pairs = when a domain issue creates minimal pairs – rice ales vs. rye sales – because different words, looks like minimal pair but not Some rules are non-bounded – although discusses r-epenthesis in British English – really utterance bound (meaning it won’t apply before pause in speech)

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 9 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Stem-bounded rule – alternation below shows that rule applies only within a stem VS.

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 10 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Hierarchy of domains

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 11 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Some rules bounded by phrase-edge – Chimwiini lengthening and shortening rules

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 12 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Some rules bounded by phrase-edge – Chimwiini lengthening and shortening rules

Ch 9 & Ch 10 Slide 13 Ch 10 – Role of Morph and Syntax Some rules only apply across boundaries – the rule indicates a domain and if that domain is not encountered, then rule doesn’t apply – sometimes called derived environment