Third Declension Magister Riggs

Third Declension Third Declension Latin Nouns written by: John Garger edited by: Tricia Goss updated: 12/7/2011 The third declension of Latin follows the same rules as the previous two. However, third declension nouns have irregular nominative singular forms. Learn how to form Latin nouns of the third declension. 1 Latin is an inflected language, meaning the endings of Latin words change to indicate their function in a sentence (e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object). Latin nouns are declined in one of five declensions, the third of which is the most widely used in the language. Luckily, by the time beginning students encounter the third declension, they have experience with the quirks and irregularities of the first two. Unlike the previous two declensions, third declension nouns may be any of the three genders, masculine, feminine or neuter. Every third declension noun is characterized by the genitive ending –is as in regis (masculine), virtutis (feminine), and corporis (neuter). However, unlike. the characteristic nominative singular ending of the first (–a) and second (–us, –um) declensions, the third declension has no characteristic word ending. Thus, it is vital to memorize the gender of all nouns as well as the genitive form of the word so it is obvious to which declension it belongs and how it is properly declined Third Declension Latin Nouns written by: John Garger edited by: Tricia Goss updated: 12/7/2011 The third declension of Latin follows the same rules as the previous two. However, third declension nouns have irregular nominative singular forms. Learn how to form Latin nouns of the third declension. 1 Latin is an inflected language, meaning the endings of Latin words change to indicate their function in a sentence (e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object). Latin nouns are declined in one of five declensions, the third of which is the most widely used in the language. Luckily, by the time beginning students encounter the third declension, they have experience with the quirks and irregularities of the first two. Unlike the previous two declensions, third declension nouns may be any of the three genders, masculine, feminine or neuter. Every third declension noun is characterized by the genitive ending –is as in regis (masculine), virtutis (feminine), and corporis (neuter). However, unlike. the characteristic nominative singular ending of the first (–a) and second (–us, –um) declensions, the third declension has no characteristic word ending. Thus, it is vital to memorize the gender of all nouns as well as the genitive form of the word so it is obvious to which declension it belongs and how it is properly declined

1 Third Declension Forms for Masculine and Feminine Nouns Third declension nouns are formed just as in the previous two declensions; the endings are added to the base of the word. However, one complexity of third declension nouns is that the base sometimes changes from the nominative to the other cases. This is why learning the nominative form of a noun is not enough. Always memorize the genitive of every noun so their forms are immediately familiar when encountered in text. Luckily, masculine and feminine nouns are declined exactly the same so no new forms must be memorized. Unfortunately, similar forms mean no clue is given as to a noun’s gender. Again, memorization is the key. A masculine noun is declined as follows:

3rd declension masc. and fem. Sing. Singular nom. rex gen. regis dat. regi acc. regem abl. rege Singular nom. rex gen. regis dat. regi acc. regem abl. rege

3rd declension Masc. and Fem. Plural Plural nom. reges gen. regum dat. reginbus acc. reges abl. regibus Plural nom. reges gen. regum dat. reginbus acc. reges abl. regibus

3rd declension Masc. and Fem. Notice that the base for all cases is different from the nominative singular. It may help to know that rex was originally regs in earlier Latin. However, the – gs sound is so similar to –x that it changed by the time Classical Latin was spoken. Remember that a language is spoken first and written later. This is especially true of ancient languages at a time when the majority of the population was illiterate. The singular forms of third declension masculine and feminine nouns all have different endings, so there is no confusion for beginning students other than memorizing the new endings. Notice that in the genitive plural, the familiar – um is present, similar to the –orum of second declension nouns and –arum or the first declension. The nominative and accusative plural has the same form, like second declension neuter nouns. The plural dative and ablative forms are similar, as they are in the previous two declensions, although the endings are different here in the third declension. Notice that the base for all cases is different from the nominative singular. It may help to know that rex was originally regs in earlier Latin. However, the – gs sound is so similar to –x that it changed by the time Classical Latin was spoken. Remember that a language is spoken first and written later. This is especially true of ancient languages at a time when the majority of the population was illiterate. The singular forms of third declension masculine and feminine nouns all have different endings, so there is no confusion for beginning students other than memorizing the new endings. Notice that in the genitive plural, the familiar – um is present, similar to the –orum of second declension nouns and –arum or the first declension. The nominative and accusative plural has the same form, like second declension neuter nouns. The plural dative and ablative forms are similar, as they are in the previous two declensions, although the endings are different here in the third declension.

3rd declension-neuter nouns Third Declension Forms for Neuter Nouns Third declension neuter nouns prove a bit more difficult for beginning students because although they often change form from the nominative to the genitive, they also have the same form for nominative and accusative in the singular. Pay close attention to the gender of a third declension noun to avoid common mistakes. For examplenominative to the genitive Singular nom. corpus gen. corporis dat. corpori acc. corpus abl. corpore Plural nom. corpora gen. corporum dat. corporibus acc. corpora abl. corporibus Third Declension Forms for Neuter Nouns Third declension neuter nouns prove a bit more difficult for beginning students because although they often change form from the nominative to the genitive, they also have the same form for nominative and accusative in the singular. Pay close attention to the gender of a third declension noun to avoid common mistakes. For examplenominative to the genitive Singular nom. corpus gen. corporis dat. corpori acc. corpus abl. corpore Plural nom. corpora gen. corporum dat. corporibus acc. corpora abl. corporibus

3rd declension-neuter nouns Notice that the forms are similar to the masculine and feminine forms with two exceptions. The nominative and accusative singular have the same form. The accusative form reverts back to the nominative form. This often gives students trouble because they become used to the shift in spelling for the other cases and forget that the accusative must look exactly like the nominative. Also, notice the characteristic –a ending for the nominative and accusative plural, a form familiar from neuter nouns of the second declension. The word corpus often gives students trouble in the genitive singular because the –orum looks like the ending for a second declension noun. The stem of the word is corpor– and the ending is –um. It is only coincidental that the form looks like the –orum ending from the second declension.The nominative and accusative singular have the same form Notice that the forms are similar to the masculine and feminine forms with two exceptions. The nominative and accusative singular have the same form. The accusative form reverts back to the nominative form. This often gives students trouble because they become used to the shift in spelling for the other cases and forget that the accusative must look exactly like the nominative. Also, notice the characteristic –a ending for the nominative and accusative plural, a form familiar from neuter nouns of the second declension. The word corpus often gives students trouble in the genitive singular because the –orum looks like the ending for a second declension noun. The stem of the word is corpor– and the ending is –um. It is only coincidental that the form looks like the –orum ending from the second declension.The nominative and accusative singular have the same form