11. 4 The North Takes Charge Objectives: A 11.4 The North Takes Charge Objectives: A. Describe the battle and outcome of Gettysburg B. Describe Grant’s siege of Vicksburg C. Summarize the key points of the Gettysburg Address D. Trace the final events of the war, leading to the surrender at Appomattox.

Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).

Gettysburg: Prelude Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000. Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for Union). South loses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.

War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chancellorsville, Day #1

Chancellorsville, Day 2

Map: The War in the East, 1863 The War in the East, 1863 Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).

Gettysburg Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863 Total casualties: 30% Union losses, killed and wounded = 23,000 Confederate losses, killed and wounded = 28,000 Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy “High water mark of the Confederacy” Ends discussion in Europe about helping South Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865

Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st **Why were the troops in Gettysburg in the first place? Buford saw how good the land was. All roads converge Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage **Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day General Meade Union Calvary, John Buford Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill Both sides attack, and call for reinforcements, setting up for a large battle between the two armies. Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg. Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee. Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry holds on long enough for reinforcements to arrive. Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face 75,000 Southern troops the next day. IMPORTANT: Union acts quickly, are able to take the high ground

Gettysburg, Day #1 July 1, 1863 Union Calvary, John Buford Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill Both sides attack, and call for reinforcements, setting up for a large battle between the two armies. **Why were the troops in Gettysburg in the first place? Buford saw how good the land was. All roads converge Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage **Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day General Meade

Day 1

First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Day 2

Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd Reinforcements have arrived Union (90,000) Confederate (75,000) Union held the high ground “Fish hook” Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge Misgivings 4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard Union send reinforcements to the center Little Round Top Confederate move to flank the Union Culp’s Hill Confederates ran out of sunlight Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture Cemetery Ridge. Heavy fightings in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl. landmarks).

Gettysburg, Day #2 July 2, 1863 Reinforcements have arrived Union (90,000) Confederate (75,000) Union held the high ground “Fish hook” Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge Misgivings 4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard Union send reinforcements to the center Little Round Top Confederate move to flank the Union Culp’s Hill Confederates ran out of sunlight

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg: Day 3, July 3rd Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point called “the angle.” Lee concentrates artillery fire on Union lines on the ridge. Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines, covering a mile of open ground and running up ridge. Union artillery and infantry fire destroy Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or wounded. Lee withdraws. Meade does not counter-attack. Another lost opportunity???

Pickett’s Charge 12,000 men marching over 1,000 yds! Union forces from Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top immediately opened fire Confederate troops realized no backup was coming and were stuck at the “angle”. Many began to retreat back to Seminary Ridge Pickett lost nearly 3,000 men. When Pickett returned to Lee, he was ordered to prepare against a possible Union counterattack. Pickett then replied, “General Lee, I have no division now.”

Day 3

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg, Day #3 Meade never ordered! July 3, 1863 Lee was optimistic going into day 3 Weakened the Union position Artillery assault on middle of the line Cemetery Ridge 2 hours Lee ordered assault on the middle of the line Pickett’s Charge Open field Union guns had remained silent Poor decision? Confederates prepared for a counterattack Meade never ordered!

Pickett’s Charge

Map: The Battle of Gettysburg In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg Address November 1863 Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity. Lincoln speaks for two minutes The United States “is” instead of “are” Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours. Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: War in the West, 1861-1863 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Confederates surrender on July 4, 1863 Vicksburg Strategic town on Mississippi, high bluffs and big bend in river Confederates controlled of Mississippi Grant sends his Calvary to distract Confederates Destroy communication and railroad lines Lands south of Vicksburg April 30, 1863 18 days of fighting Traveled east and then back to the west Captured Jackson, Miss. Two Frontal assaults on Vicksburg Both failed May 19th and 22nd Siege Bombing Several hours a day Confederates surrender on July 4, 1863 Day after Gettysburg

First ironclad gunboat built in America. The Saint Louis, ca. 1862 ARC Identifier 533123 / Local Identifier 165-C-630 Item from Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 1860 - 1952 http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-war-docs/images/ironclad-gunboat.gif

Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Vicksburg – War in the West Grant’s initial assaults fail – uses siege Shells the city, soldiers and civilians each day Citizens move into caves and eat horses, rats Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds on July 4, one day after Gettysburg Confederacy is cut in half Union controls Mississippi & and border states

The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Grant’s “Total War” Strategy March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men “Blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes) Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!! Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s 35,000. Why was Lee seen as an effective General? THIS WAS THE LOWEST POINT OF THE WAR FOR THE NORTH McClellan looks like he might defeat Lincoln in the 1864 Presidential election!

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen. Ulysses Grant at City Point, Virginia, 08/17/1864 ARC Identifier 301640 Item from Record Group 107: Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, 1791 - 1947

Sherman’s March to the Sea Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South Targets homes, railways, crops, towns Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864 After destroying GA, went into SC GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front. Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight. WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

Map: Sherman's March to the Sea Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Election of 1864 McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats and Copperheads. Radical Republicans run on separate ticket. Republicans and War Democrats form the Union Party. McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket Lincoln wins 55% of vote: - “bayonet votes” - recent victories in war help - opponents factionalism split the vote

http://www.nps.gov/archive/liho/1864/1864e.htm

http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000c7.htm

End of the War Armies meet outside Petersburg VA Siege results- trench warfare “The Crater” Grant continues to extend line- thins out confederate forces Lee is forced to retreat – runs to Appomattox Courthouse Lee outnumbered and undersupplied Lee surrenders April 9 , 1865

Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender First president to be assassinated in US history 7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population, viewed funeral train

Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre Year: 1865 Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS Northern Economy outperforms the South’s North is more industrialized North has more workers North has more transportation Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to control dissent North has more population People to work Men to fight

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan. Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton) Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages. Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

SOCIAL and POLITICAL COSTS and CHANGE Nullification and Secession now defunct, BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE. Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery Power of the federal government greatly expanded Republican democracy proven viable to world Over 600,000 dead (360,000 Union….260,000 CSA) Over 1,000,000 wounded Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total population) $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs) War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal budget for the next several decades

MILITARY CHANGES Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars Cavalry becomes obsolete End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge) Beginning of trench warfare End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins

TERMS Chancellorsville Vicksburg Gettysburg Address William Tecumseh Sherman Appomattox Objectives: A. Describe the battle and outcome of Gettysburg B. Describe Grant’s siege of Vicksburg C. Summarize the key points of the Gettysburg Address D. Trace the final events of the war, leading to the surrender at Appomattox.