Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon Warmup: What do you think of when you hear the word organic ?

MACROMOLECULES CARBON

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Carbon’s atomic structure: How many electrons are in carbon’s valence electron level? 4 Is carbon reactive? Yes, it’s not full How many bonds can carbon form?

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Because carbon can form these bonds, it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form a variety of carbon backbones (skeletons).

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Carbon backbones are drawn based on their chemical formulas. For example, which carbon arrangement above matches to: C6H12 straight chain C6H6 ring C6H14 branched

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon attached to hydrogen. Oxygen and nitrogen may also be in the molecule. Example: C6H12O6 and C18H34O3 Inorganic molecules contain carbon or hydrogen but not both. They are usually described as being non-carbon based. Example: H2O, NaCl, CO2

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Using these definitions, identify the following molecules as either organic (O) or inorganic (I) C5H12 = O H3PO4 = I NaCl = I HCl = I NH3 = I CH4 = O C10H22 = O CO2 = I H2O = I C3H8 = O

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Organic molecules also contain functional groups. These groups are responsible for organic molecules having specific properties.

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules Common examples are shown below: Elements in each group: oxygen, hydrogen carbon, oxygen oxygen, carbon, hydrogen hydrogen, nitrogen sulfur, hydrogen

Check Your Understanding: 1. In order for a molecule to be classified as organic, it must contain hydrogen and ________. A) fat B) water C) carbon D) sugar   2. Atoms of what element form the backbone of large, complex molecules such as sugars and fats? A) Oxygen B) Sodium C) Carbon D) Sulfur

Check Your Understanding: 3. Carbon atoms have four electrons in their outer shell. This means that a single carbon atom can form up to_______ bonds with other atoms. A) two B) four C) six D) eight

Check Your Understanding: 4. Why can carbon form chains, branches and rings? A) Most organic compounds are ionic B) It has four electrons in its outermost shell C) It only bonds with hydrogen D) Most organic compounds have functional groups 5. Carbon is able to form diversity of organic molecules because of carbon’s A) Ability to bond with up to four other atoms. B) Capacity to form single and double bonds. C) Ability to bond together to form extensive branched, unbranched and ring structures. D) All of the choices are correct.

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules Large molecules in living things are called macromolecules They are also referred to as polymers Each is composed of smaller subunits called monomers

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules Four macromolecules in humans: Macromolecule Monomer Function Example (Polymer) Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Broken down glucose for chemical sucrose energy starch Compose plant cell walls

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules Four macromolecules in humans: Macromolecule Monomer Function Example (Polymer) Lipid Glycerol Builds membranes Fats & fatty acid Broken down for Oils chemical energy Waxes

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules Four macromolecules in humans: Macromolecule Monomer Function Example (Polymer) Proteins Amino acids Controls chemical Albumin reactions Many other jobs Hemoglobin

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules Four macromolecules in humans: Macromolecule Monomer Function Example (Polymer) Nucleic acids Nucleotides Store genetic DNA information Build proteins RNA

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Building Polymers: dehydration synthesis (or condensation) “de” = remove “hydro” = water

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Building Polymers: dehydration synthesis (or condensation) Example: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O C6H6O6 + C6H6O6  C12H22O11 + H2O Each time a monomer is added to the chain, a H2O molecule is released.

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Breaking Polymers: hydrolysis “hydro” = water “lysis” = to break

II. Building and Breaking Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Breaking Polymers: hydrolysis Example: Sucrose + H2O  Glucose + Fructose C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H6O6 + C6H6O6 Bonds are broken in a polymer by adding an H2O molecule to them.

Check Your Understanding: 1. Polymers form (breakdown into) monomers with the consumption of which chemical compound? A) ADP B) Water C) Ethane D) Nitrogen 2. Polymers are formed from monomers with the removal of what molecule?

Check Your Understanding: 3. The diagram above shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called? A) Glycolysis B) Hydrolysis C) Photosynthesis D) Dehydration synthesis (condensation)