Macromolecules

I. What are macromolecules? A. CARBOHYDRATES B. LIPIDS D. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA) C. PROTEINS

II. What does it mean to be organic? CHNOPS The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

What makes something Organic? If it contains the element Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) it is called a HYDROCARBON they contain only C and H bonded in different proportions

III. Functional Groups Before we begin to study macromolecules, let’s start with the functional groups Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules

A. Hydroxyl Group Identified as a hydrogen atom bonded directly to an oxygen atom (-OH) Easily identifiable and one of most popular Ethanol H C OH

B. Carboxyl Group Slightly larger than hydroxyl Molecular formula COOH Carbon double bonded to oxygen on one side and bonded to OH on the other

C. Phosphate Group Phosphorous surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms One of oxygen atoms shows double bond to phosphorous

D. Carbonyl Group Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (symbolized as C=O) Two types: Aldehyde Ketone

2 Forms: Aldehydes & Ketones Ketone groups, where the C=O group is located within a molecule All sugars have either a ketone or an aldehyde Aldehyde groups, where the C=O group is at the end of a molecule H atom is also located on the same C atom.

E. Amino Group Nitrogen bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms, one has positive charge (H+) Ionized Form Nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms Non-ionized form

F. Sulfhydryl Group Fairly rare for our purposes Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Let’s See What You’ve Learned So Far!! Get ready to click away!!

Which functional group is shown below? Carboxyl Sulfhydryl Hydroxyl Amino I need help with this. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Which carbonyl functional group is shown below? Aldehyde Ketone Carboxyl I need help with this. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

What functional group is shown below? Hydroxyl Carboxyl Phosphate Carbonyl I need help with this. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which functional group is shown below? Hydroxyl Sulfhydryl Carboxyl Aldehyde I need help with this. Ethanol H C OH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which functional group represents an aldehyde group? 1 2 1 2 3 I need help with this. 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Putting things together…let’s make some MACROMOLECULES

IV.) Formation of Macromolecules What are macromolecules made of? Monomers: smaller building blocks of the macromolecules Monomers can link together to form polymers (macromolecules)

Macromolecule Formation Process = Dehydration Synthesis Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O Leaves bonding sites that join monomer units. Monomer OH H H2O Polymer

Macromolecule Destruction Process = Hydrolysis Break bond between monomer units. Add OH + H to fill bonding sites. Polymer H2O OH H Monomer

Fill in Chart… For each Macromolecule Made of (elements) Basic Unit (monomer) Polymer unit Function Where found Examples Use pages 32-41 in book and/or discuss with partner