GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN INDONESIA Academic Conference on the Impact of Globalization on Southeast Asian Languages and Culture College of Foreign Languages and Literature University Foreign Language Center in Northern Taiwan National Chengchi University GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN INDONESIA Ida Sundari Husen (Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia) Depok, Indonesia1

INDONESIA Situated between South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. An archipelago of thousand islands, including the biggest: Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Nusa Tenggara (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa,Sumba, Flores, Timor, etc.) 220 million of multicultural, multilingual, and multiethnic inhabitants. National language: Indonesian language. Regional language: around 700

October 28, 1928 (Indonesia was still named Netherlands East Indie Youth Oath by representatives of youth organizations coming from all over the region One country: INDONESIA One nation: INDONESIA One language: INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

August 17, 1945 Independence Day Country : Indonesia Nationality : Indonesian National language: Indonesian language Flag : Dwi warna (two colors) red and white Border : former area of East-Nether- lands Indies

Choice of national language Malay language (lingua franca, 4,9%) Javanese (47,8 %) Sudanese (14,5 %)

(1945 Constitution, Article 36, Chapitre IV) Indonesian Language Government official language in the whole country. Medium of instruction in all levels of education. Tool of information, tourism, science and technology. In 2006, with 220 million speakers, ranked fourth after Chinese (1 billion), English (350 million), and Spanish (250 million) (1945 Constitution, Article 36, Chapitre IV)

Regional cultures speakers, Sundanese 30 million, etc.) Around 700 regional languages (Javanese spoken by 70 million speakers, Sundanese 30 million, etc.) Language & literature,dance, music. Taught as mandatory subject in the first three years of the primary school. Local cultures are taught in the junior secondary school. (Explanation of 1945 Indonesian Constitution, Article 36: The state respects and supports the local languages preserved by the local people, such as Java- nese, Sundanese, and the Madurese). Those languages are integral parts of the Indonesian cultures). 2004 Local Autonoy Law.

National language versus regional language Advancement of technology threatens the co-existence of the national and regional language National language versus regional language Young Indonesians throughout the country watch the same television programs. Most Indonesian films and soap operas show the caracters living in the metropolitan city, using the “metropolitan” language. Most Indonesians read the same magazines and newspaper in Indonesian.

Indonesian national culture Amalgamation of rich local cultures, including indigenous or modernized local/traditional values, dances and music. Indonesian gastronomic arts consist of hundreds of methods preparing an infinite variation of regional cooking recipes. Religions: Moslem, Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucius.

Students of Indonesian Language Program for foreigners playing gamelan (traditional music ensemble)

Students of Indonesian Language Program for foreigners playing arumba (bamboo traditional music)

BALINESE DANCE Legong Dance Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.

MINANG (WEST SUMATERA) DANCE Insert a picture illustrating a custom or tradition here.

SUNDANESE ANGKLUNG Bamboo traditional music instrument Insert a picture of one of the points of interest for your country.

INTERNATIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION Global image, global market, global finance, global workforce. The growing integration of economies an societies around the world. Products, services, money, information and ideas – more and more jobs of all kinds – are moving across borders. (World Bank)

The promoters of globalization = the advanced countries The promoters of globalization = the advanced countries. They are far more prepared, because: They have well trained or educated workforce. They own high technology. They possess a sophisticated network of commu- nication system. They have funds They have more experience in international coopera- tion.

Internationalization process for Indonesia as a developing country scholarships to study in foreign countries (USA, Europe). The young intellectuals returned back with western knowledge they have learnt  they applied in their works. Universities use text books written by Europeen or American scholars. Educational system, methods, principles were mostly imported from advanced countries.  westernized products  decision makers with important position in the society  western ideology take more privilege rather than national or local way of thinking.

Extreme measure taken by Soekarno (Indonesian first president, “father” of Indonesian nationalism and identity ) The western music was banned. He encouraged Indonesian musiciens to compose their own music  The booming of Indonesian songs with original Indonesian and sometimes local language lyrics.  composition of western music, western melody with local colors. After the death of the first president  the situation turns to another extreme  national culture tends to be the Indonesian version of American culture.

American film and soap operas; American English with all cultural elements are penetrating all sectors of Indonesian daily life and mind American film and soap operas; Junc food, Mac Donalds’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken’s. Music, books. Cultural globalization has preceded economic globalization.

English has become an indispensable tool of communication and asymbol of modernism, intellectuality, social status, and one of the prerequisites to have a well respected job Globalization has changed the social structure from feudal to democratic society consisting of groups: - Those who are untouchable by modernization and still conserve their indigenious culture. - The young Indonesian nationalists who speak only their national language. They could not speak their regional language nor English. - The Indonesians who are double-cultured: local and national cultures. - Those who have triple cultures: local, national and American/ international culture. - Those who have double cultures: national and “international” cultures. - Those who are completely westernized in their way of life.