Consideration of Electromagnetic Effects in Aircraft Design Thomas Jerse Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sigma Xi Brownbag Presentation.

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Presentation transcript:

Consideration of Electromagnetic Effects in Aircraft Design Thomas Jerse Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sigma Xi Brownbag Presentation 10/17/08

Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Safety of flight Radiation Hazards Cosite interference E3E3

Who Makes the Rules? FAA –DO-160 JAA Department of Defense –MIL-STD-461E –MIL-STD-464A

Safety of Flight Power Systems –Fly-by-wire controls 3x or 4x redundancy Air Traffic Control (ATC) radios Navigation Systems

Response to External Field AIRBORNE

HIRF Testing

HIRF Limits FIXED WING AIRCRAFT

Response to External Field ON THE TARMAC

Radiation Hazards Personnel (RADHAZ) Fuel (HERF) Ordinance (HERO)

Hazard to Personnel 10 W/m 2 maximum averaged over a 6 minute period Corresponds to 61.4 V rms /m

Flight Deck Hazard

E-Field Map

USS Forrestal

162 SAILORS PERISHED

Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Safety of flight Radiation Hazards Cosite interference E3E3

US AWACS

Co-Site Interference Analysis

A Gigantic Spreadsheet Problem N Tx = number of transmitters N Rx = number of receivers N b = number transceivers SINGLE-TONE ANALYSIS

A Gigantic Spreadsheet Problem N Tx = number of transmitters (8) N Rx = number of receivers (16) N b = number transceivers (12) (548) SINGLE-TONE ANALYSIS

Linear Analysis

Friis Equation FAR-FIELD C = COUPLING IN dB R = SEPARATION DISTANCE  = WAVELENGTH G = ANTENNA GAIN L = CROSS-POLARIZATION LOSS POL

Antennas Antenna gain is directional EXAMPLE ANTENNA PATTERN

Field from Isotropic Source

Reflections SOURCE SE

Diffraction and Reflection SOURCE SE

Modified Friis Equation FAR-FIELD C = COUPLING IN dB R = SEPARATION DISTANCE  = WAVELENGTH G = ANTENNA GAIN L = CROSS-POLARIZATION LOSS POL SE = SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS

Nonlinear Effects Harmonic distortion Intermodulation distortion Gain Compression

Harmonic Distortion All transmitters generate harmonics. Harmonics can also be generated from a single tone applied to the receiver input circuitry.

Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) Two transmitters, one receiver  f = f 1 -f 2 FREQUENCY Weierstrass Approximation Theorem

Third-Order IMD Example

Two-Tone Combinations N Tx = number of transmitters N Rx = number of receivers N b = number transceivers

Two-Tone Combinations N Tx = number of transmitters (8) N Rx = number of receivers (16) N b = number transceivers (12) (5092)

Re-Radiated IMD

Cross Modulation Modulation from one signal is transferred onto another MOST SEVERE ON AM SIGNALS

Cosite Interference Mitigation Options Coupling reduction Filtering Tuning rules Blanking Statistical Characterization Active cancellation

Coupling Reduction Separation increase Absorber Cross polarization

Filtering

Active Cancellation Tx Rx COUPLER AMPLITUDE & PHASE ADJUST +

Accuracy Required CONTOURS OF CANCELLATION IN dB

Summary E 3 analysis is a significant portion of modern aircraft development. Interference from both internal and external sources must be considered for safety of flight. A thorough cosite interference analysis requires the evaluation of a large number of combinations.