Prospects of High Power Millimeter Wave Radar A. Tolkachev , B Prospects of High Power Millimeter Wave Radar   A. Tolkachev , B. Levitan JSC «Radio Physics», Moscow M. Petelin Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod

Advantage of MMW radar HIGH PRECISION: favorable relation between antenna diameter and beamwidth high range resolution, if relative bandwidth is fixed

Difficulties of MMW radar wave absorption by atmosphere: 0.05 dB/km at Ka band, 0.4 dB/km at W band; wave scattering by rain and snow. Dry high sites are preferable

Natural applications of MMW radar: short distance radar, cloud radar, space surveillance radar (elevation angles over 20 degrees, detection range up to 2000 km) The last one needs the highest power.

MMW radar transmitters Entirely solid-state phased arrays are capable to radiate only relatively low powers. High powers can be produced by transmitters with final cascades based on vacuum tubes.

Number of tracked targets HPMMW radar name country, start time Frequency band Antenna, diameter Output amplifiers Number of tracked targets "Alcor" USA, 1983 Ka, W Dish, 14 m TWTs 2 × 50 kW 1 "Ruza" USSR, 1989 (X), Ka PAA, 7.2 m Gyroklyst 2 × 500 kW 10 "Warloc" 2000 W Dish 2.5 m 100 kW "HUSIR" 2009 (X), W 36 m Gyrotwist 4 × 50 kW “SUFFA” Russia Uzbekistan ???? 70 m Gyroamps

HEMISPHERIC COVERAGE RADAR COMPLEX: X-band “ARGUN” & Ka-band “RUZA”

34 GHz /1 MW semi-active phased array Elementary transmit-receive Cossegrain module

«Ruza» performance 1300 km 0.2 50 30 Detection range for 1 m2 RCS Angular RMS accuracy 0.2 Electronic-steering sector 50 Simultaneously tracked targets 30

Velocity lag of plasma trace from reentry vehicle measured by «Ruza» radar Radar data and theoretical estimates obtained on the data reveal the possibility of discriminating the multiple ballistic target at the height none the less (target reentry elevation 30o , velocity 5 km/s) : Inflatable reference reflector – 125 km Light decoys – 90 – 110 km Airframes and motor cases – 75 km γ [m2/kg]= 1/CB - ballistic coefficient К – airframes and motor cases; ГЧ – reentry vehicle; МЭО – metallized reference reflector; ЛЛЦ – light decoy; НЭО – inflatable reference reflector; ТЛЦ – heavy decoy Theoretical and experimental discrimination height of observed target as a function of its ballistic coefficient Oscillograms of the tracked reentry vehicles returns Realization of plasma trace returns with regard to tracked reentry vehicle returns

HUSIR W-band transmitter with synthesized frequency band diplexer Solid-state amplifier gyroTWT gyrotwystrons antenna

Frequency band composed of HUSIR is specified for up-to-geostationary satellite imaging with 3 cm range resolution. Frequency band composed of 4 sub-bands 92-100 GHz Each gyrotwystron peak power 55 kW Duty 10%

MMW radar classification applications transmitter type low power phased arrays collision avoidance solid state medium power radar seaport and airport surveillance vacuum high power radar space surveillance

HPMMW radar problems high power amplifiers, multiplexers, duplexers, monopulse configurations, passive-active phased arrays, signal processing.

MEDIUM POWER RADAR mechanical hemispherical coverage, agile electrically controlled wave beam forming and scanning.

Agile high-range-resolution broad-angle scanning needs sub-arrays with controlled time delays 3 phase front Controlled phase shifters Controlled time delays

A project of mobile MMW radar

Wave combining Frequency band synthesizing Transmit-receive switching HIGH-POWER RADAR Wave combining Frequency band synthesizing Transmit-receive switching

SPACE DEBRIS SURVEILLANCE RADAR RCS 0.01 m2 detection range 1500 km Angular precision 10”

Discrete wave beam scanner Possible applications: DLDS of electron-positron collider, suppression of plasma instabilities

Multiplexer for radar with synthesized frequency band N-2, N-1 , N N-2 1 3 , … N 1, 2 , … N SN-1 S1 SN-2 S2 2

Non-resonant 3D near-Littrow multiplexing: conceptual idea

Non-resonant frequency Resonant diplexer 1 1 2 Output 1 Resonant frequency Diplexer Non-resonant frequency Output 2 Output 1 Output 2 |2 - 1 |<< 1,2

Synthesizing of frequency band Common TR control and signal processing unit Multiplexer 1 TR module N TR module 2 TR module j Amplifier TR switch Digitized signal Analogous receiver ADC j transmit-receive module

MULTIPLEXER THEORY Diplexer transmission Diplexer non-resonant loss Transmit mode: output spectrum Receive mode: signal in j-th channel

Transmit mode of multi-channel communication system 1 2 3 4 5 Transmit mode of radar with synthesized frequency band 1 2 3 4 5

RADAR WITH SYNTHESIZED FREQUENCY BAND Target image obtained with optimized MTI algorithm

TRANSMIT-RECEIVE SWITCH antenna duplexer T R dummy load transmitter polarizer antenna receiver protector polarization separator

MONOPULSE “SUFFA” (the simplest version) TRANSMIT ANTENNA DUPLEXERS RECEIVE

Synthesized-frequency-band “SUFFA” GA EIK antenna duplexer 1 2 n Multi-plexer Trans-mitter Receiver

space debris detection RADAR

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