LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

Locomotion  Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out locomotion? Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = organisms NOT capable of locomotion

Locomotive System  The locomotive system consists of a skeletal system, muscular system and a nervous system.

Human Skeletal System

Skeletal System  Humans have 206 bones Babies have MORE  Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus  Bones support and protect body structures  Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal  Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass due to lack of calcium

Cartilage  Found between bones  Acts as a cushion between bones  A developing embryo has cartilage instead of bone  Gives ears and nose their shape  Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage

Muscles  Humans have over 300 muscles  Muscles work by contracting (shortening) or by relaxing  Muscles are found as opposing pairs Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep) Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)

Flexor and Extensor

Types of Muscle  There are three types of muscle cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Skeletal Muscle  Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle  Found surrounding bones  Looks striped  Controls voluntary movements

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle  Cardiac muscle is found in the heart  Cardiac muscles are involuntary, but look like striated muscle

Smooth Muscle  Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle Found in the walls of internal organs Control involuntary movements Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries, lymph vessels, etc…

Connective Tissue  There are three kinds of connective tissues that connect bones and muscles together. Ligaments Tendons Joints

Ligaments  Ligaments Connect bone to bone Think “L” for Ligament A sprain is an over stretched ligament

Tendons  Connects muscles to bones  Tendonitis is an inflammation of a tendon

Joints  Where two bones meet  3 kinds of joints Immovable (fixed) Hinge Ball and socket Gliding Pivot

Joints  Immovable No movement Found in cranium/skull

Joints  Hinge Movement back and forth Found in elbow and knee

Joints  Ball and socket Movement in all directions Found in shoulder and hip

Joints  Gliding Limited movement in all directions Found in wrist and ankle

Joints  Pivot Limited rotation Found in the neck

Skeletal Structures  Exoskeleton Protective covering outside the body Provides a surface for muscular attachment Made of chitin  Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and heavy (lobster)  Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body growth

Exoskeleton

Protist  Amoeba  Paramecium  Euglena Whip-like tail called a

Hydra  They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a somersault-type movement (like a slinky)

Earthworm  Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that stick into the ground like anchors to allow locomotion, segment by segment  Muscles are attached to each pair of setae

Setae

Grasshopper  Have jointed appendages  Have wings  Have muscles inside the exoskeleton

 What makes your muscles move?  What organs allow you to respond to your environment?

Regulation  Define regulation.  What part of your body carries out regulation?

The Nervous System  Consists of CNS  Central Nervous System  Brain and Spinal cord PNS  Peripheral Nervous System  All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

C.N.S.

P.N.S.

The Nervous System  Parts of a nervous system Brain Nerve Cells called Neurons

Brain

 Made up of 2 halves  Weighs about 3 pounds  Protected by _________________  Made up of neurons

Brain  Made up of 3 parts 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex  Controls thinking, memory, reasoning, imagination, personality, site of consciousness  Interprets what your 5 senses detect

Brain  2. Cerebellum Controls voluntary movements (motor activities) Controls balance and coordination

Brain  3. Medulla Controls involuntary activities  Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone production, etc… Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord

Neuron  A neuron is a nerve cell  They send and receive chemical and electrical messages, called impulses.

Neuron

Parts of a neuron  Dendrites Receive impulses  Cyton Cell body-contains nucleus  Axon Carries impulses away from cyton  Myelin Fatty covering on the axon that increases speed of electrical impulse  Terminal Branches End point of a neuron that sends messages to dendrites of next neuron

Synapse  The synapse is the gap between two neurons.

Close-up of synapse  Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse

Close-up of a synapse

Stimulants and Depressants  Drugs can affect how the neurotransmitters pass their message Stimulants __________ speed of message transmission. Depressants _________ speed of message transmission.

Reflex Arc  A reflex is a response to a stimulus. Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove  A reflex involves the spinal cord but NOT the brain.

Reflex Arc

 Drawing

Disorders of the Nervous System  Meningitis Swelling of the membranes that surround the brain  Polio Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue  Cerebral Palsy Disorder of central nervous system Can be congenital (exists before birth) or caused during birth  Multiple Sclerosis Problem with impulse transmission due to inflammation of myelin sheath.

Endocrine System  System of ductless glands that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released directly into blood stream. Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a target tissue

Testes and Ovaries  Ovaries make _______________ & _________________  Testes make ________________  These hormones stimulate secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenal Glands  Located on top of kidneys  Produces hormone called adrenaline

Pancreas  The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and also the hormones called glucagon and insulin.  The part of the pancreas that produces hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans Glucagon and insulin control blood sugar

Thyroid Gland  Located in neck  Thyroid controls metabolism  Thyroid produces thyroxin (hormone)  Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland

Goiter

Parathyroid  Located in neck  Smaller than thyroid  Produces parathormone which controls calcium balance

Pituitary Gland  The master gland (controls all other glands)

Pituitary Gland Produces stimulating hormones that cause glands to secrete their hormones. Ex. TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

Pituitary Gland  Also produces growth hormone (GH) Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from growth hormone problems

Hypothalmus  Produces RF’s (releasing factors), which help stimulate hormone production

Representative Organisms