Becoming a Teacher Ninth Edition Forrest W. Parkay Chapter 9 Addressing Learner’s Individual Needs ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Focus Questions How do students’ needs change as they develop? How do students vary in intelligence? How do students vary in ability and disability? What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? How can you teach all learners in your inclusive classroom? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Development predictable changes all humans undergo Stages of Development maturing and learning to perform tasks that are necessary may occur at different times Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Piaget Cognitive Development Sensory Preoperational Concrete Abstract Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Erikson Psychosocial Psychosocial Crisis – crisis for the individual that is central to individual’s emotional and social growth Kohlberg Moral Development Preconventional Conventional Postconventional Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Criticisms of Kohlberg Focus on moral reasoning instead of behavior Looks at moral development from male perspective Gilligan suggests moral reasoning for males addresses right of individual and female moral reasoning individual’s responsibility to other people Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Kohlberg’s 3 conditions that can help children internalize moral principles Exposure to next higher stage of reasoning Exposure to situations at child’s current level that will lead to dissatisfaction Exposure to an atmosphere of interchange and dialogue to compare conflicting views Character Education promotes the teaching of core values through curricula Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students’ needs change as they develop? Maslow Hierarchy of Needs People are motivated by basic need for survival and safety Childhood Stresses Adolescence Stresses Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in intelligence? Ability to learn Global capacity to act purposeful, rational and deal with the environment Adaptive, learning ability, use of prior knowledge, reasoning processes, culture specific Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in intelligence? Intelligence Testing Identifying Students Tests Criticisms Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in intelligence? Gardner Multiple Intelligences Learning Styles approaches to learning that works best for the student Combination of heredity and environmental influences Learning with Style Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Students with Special Needs Exceptional Learners – children who require special education services to reach their full potential Disabilities – conditions and impairments Example- Needing a wheelchair to move from one place to another Handicaps – challenges and barriers Example – High bank counters and buildings without ramps are handicaps by society that pose challenges to the individual Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Learning Disability not related to intelligence difficulties with academic areas/skills Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) one of the most commonly diagnosed Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Behavior Characteristics of Learning Disabilities Discrepancy between potential and achievement Inability to problem solve Delay in academic achievement Lack of engagement with learning tasks Poor language and cognitive development Lack of basic reading skills and attention Impulsivity Poor motor coordination and motivation Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Gifted and Talented Have demonstrated the following: High attainment of intellectual ability Academic Achievement Creativity Visual or Performing Arts Skills May challenge the school system Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Gifted and Talented Criteria Precocity Perceptual sensitivity Persistent concentration Superior memory Efficient coordination Curtailed learning and reasoning Flexible thinking Metacognitive awareness Speedy processing Philosophical thinking Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How do students vary in ability and disability? Programs for Gifted and Talented Acceleration Elementary – early entrance, grade skipping, non-graded classes, curriculum compacting Junior High – grade skipping and telescoping, enrollment in high school or college, subject concentration and curriculum compacting Senior High – college enrollment, subject acceleration, advanced placement, mentorships, credit by exam, early college admission Self-Directed or Independent Study Individual Education Programs Alternative or Magnet Schools Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? specially designed instruction that meet the needs of an exceptional student Examples – teachers who are trained in specific methods and materials to teach students with disabilities such as highly structured classes, and hearing, visual and physical impairments Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? integrating all students with disabilities into general education classes with support Mainstreaming including all children in the classroom, variances in the amount of services a school must provide to the student with in the general education classroom Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? Special Education Laws Educational of All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142) – Guaranteed all children with disabilities a free and appropriate public education Students ages 3–18 granted to due process in regard to identification, placement, and services received Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) extended provisions of PL 94-142 to 3– 21 year old students Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 97) emphasized educational outcomes modified requirements IEP guidelines Public and private placement Student discipline guidelines Procedural safeguards Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? Least Restrictive Environment a student must be mainstreamed into a general education classroom whenever possible and the child will benefit Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? Individualized Education Plan (IEP) written plan that describes child’s needs, goals, and methods for achieving goals, quality of services provided Must be reviewed by Parent or guardian Child Teacher Professional Others such as Principal or Special Education Resource Person Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? IDEA 97 ensures Related Services Confidentiality Due Process Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? To educate exceptional learners the teacher must be ready to: Accommodate individual needs Evaluate abilities and disabilities Refer for evaluation as appropriate Participate in conferences, writing IEP’s, due process hearings Communicate with parents Collaborate Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? The Debate Over Inclusion Inclusion integrating all students with disabilities into general education classes with support Full Inclusion Placing all students in general educations regardless of disability and bring services to the student Assistive Technology technology and software that can assist student success Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are special education, mainstreaming, and inclusion? Equal Opportunity for Exceptional Learners The most important characteristic of exceptional students are their abilities, not their disabilities Labeling is a necessity of laws and can help students who may be overlooked receive education Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How can you teach all learners in your inclusive classroom? Creating a truly inclusive classroom Collaboration Partnerships with Parents Assistive Technology Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved