Mosquitoes（蚊） Insecta, Diptera, Culicidae Important vector: Anophelinae（按蚊亚科） – Anopheles (An.) Toxorhynchitinae（巨蚊亚科） Culicinae （库蚊亚科）– Culex (C.) Aedes (Ae.) Mansoni (M.) Important vector: An. sinensis, An. anthropiphagus, An. minimus, An. dirus, C. pipiens pallens, C. p. quinquefasciatus, C. tritaeniorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti

Distribution: world wide distribution, they occur throughout the tropical regions —— temperate regions ——the arctic circle（北极） elevations of 5500m —— depths of 1250m below sea level.

I. Morphology 1. External morphology of adult（成虫外部形态） 3 parts: haed, thorax and abodomen (1) Head compound eyes, antennae (15 segment), palps（下颚须） piercing mouthpart （刺吸式口器）(proboscis喙)

Head of Anopheles Head of Culex

(2) Thorax pro-, meso- and metathorax, scutellum wings (one pair), halteres, legs (3 pairs) veins and legs are covered with scale (usually brown, black or white) . (3) Abdomen 11 segments(2-8 are visible), the last 3 segments become external genitalia They are covered dorsally and ventrally with mostly brown, blackish or whitish scales.

Morphology character of mosquitoes: a. the possession of a long, forwardly projecting proboscis b. the presence of numerous scaled on the thorax, legs, abdomen and wing veins c. a fringe（缘缨）of scales along the posterior margin of the wings d. legs are long and slender

2. Mouthparts (proboscis，喙) 3. Internal morphology of adult

II. Life cycle Complete metamorphosis 2-3ds 5-8ds 2-3ds egg larva pupa adult eclosion pupation emergence in water in land

Egg: small, <1mm, live in water 按蚊卵 库蚊卵 伊蚊卵

Larva: 4 stadium, legless, 3 parts body (head, thorax, abdomen) 按蚊 库蚊 伊蚊

Pupa: comma-shape, not eat, can move egg-adult times: 9-15 days, 7-8 generation/year，life-span: ♂1-3Ws ♀1-2Ms

III. Ecology 1. Larval biology (habit) (1) food yeasts, bacteria, protozoa and other micro- organisms (2) habitats（孳生地） a. large permanent collections of water —— A. sinensis A. anthrophagus C. tritaeniorhynchus b. small collections of temporary water —— A. dirus c. slow flowing water——A. minimus

e. container——Ae. Albopictus Ae. aegypti d. polluted water—— C. p. pallens C. p. quinquefasciatus e. container——Ae. Albopictus Ae. aegypti

2. Adult biology and behaviour (1) mating and movable （交配和活动） mating occurs near breeding places and group dancing（群舞） in early evening Anopheles, Culex -- early morning, early evening, night Aedes – diurnal

(2) blood-feeding habits（吸血习性） male: feed on nectar of flower and naturally sugary secretions female: feed on sugary substance , requite a blood- meal biting objects: anthropophilic zoophilic biting behavior biting time: diurnal biting habits —— Aedes nocturnal biting habits —— Culex Anopheles

(3) gonotrophic cycle and physiological stages gonotrophic cycle: the process of blood- feeding and egg maturation followed by oviposition ① a blood-meal ② blood is digested and ovarian development ③ searches for suitable larval habitats in which to lay her eggs physiological stages: the number of gono- trophic cycle

(4) resting behavior（栖息习性） endophilic（家栖性） hemi-endophilic （半家栖性） exophilic （野栖性） (5) seasonal and hibernation（越冬） production season：spring, summer, autumn hibernation stages: egg— Aedes, A. anthrophages larva—A. minimus adult—Culex, A. sinensis hibernation place

IV. Medical importance 1. Malaria（疟疾） pathogen: Plasmodium（疟原虫） vectors: A sinensis（中华按蚊） A. Anthropophagus （嗜人按蚊） A. minimus（微小按蚊） A. dirus（大劣按蚊） 中华按蚊 微小按蚊

W. Bancrofti: C. p. pallens（淡色库蚊） C. p. quinquefasciatus（致倦库蚊） 2. Filariasis（淋巴丝虫病） pathogen: filaria vectors: W. Bancrofti: C. p. pallens（淡色库蚊） C. p. quinquefasciatus（致倦库蚊） B. malayi: A. sinensis A. anthropophagus 3. Japanese encephalitis （流行性乙型脑炎） pathogen: japanese encephalitis viruses（日本脑炎病毒） 致倦库蚊

vectors: C. Tritaeniorhynchus （三带喙库蚊） Ae. albopictus（白纹伊蚊） C. p. quinquefasciatus C. p. pallens 4. Dengue fever（登革热） (break bone fever 碎骨热) pathogen: dengue viruses vectors: Ae. albopictus Ae. aegypti 白纹伊蚊

7. Other equine encephalitis（各种马脑炎） 5. Yellow fever（黄热病） pathogen: yellow viruses vectors: Ae. aegypti， Ae. albopictus Ae. chemulpoensis（仁川伊蚊） 6. Chikungunya（基孔肯雅病） pathogen: chikungunya virus vectors: Ae. aegypti, Anopheles C. p. quinquefasciatus 7. Other equine encephalitis（各种马脑炎） pathogens: several equine encephalitis viruses（各种马脑炎病毒） vectors: Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti