Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) June 2015 Operations Security

Domain Objectives Protection and Control of Data Processing Resources – Media Management – Backups and Recovery – Change Control Privileged Entity Control

Control Categories Preventive Detective Corrective Deterrent Recovery Directive Compensating

Application-related Controls Transaction Input Processing Output Test Supervision / balancing Job-flow Logging Licensing

Operations Security Focus Areas Auditors Support staff Vendors Security Programmers Operators Engineers Administrators

Domain Agenda Resource Protection Continuity of Operations Change Control Management Privileged Entity Control

Facility Support Systems The support systems in centralized and decentralized operation centers must be protected – Hardware – Software – Storage media – Cabling – Physical security

Facility Support Systems (cont.) Fire protection HVAC Electrical power goals

Facility Support Systems (cont.) Water Communications Alarm systems

Media Management Storage Encryption Retrieval Disposal

Object Reuse Securely reassigned Disclosure Contamination Recoverability

Clearing of Magnetic Media Overwriting Degaussing Physical destruction

Media Management Practices Sensitive Media Controls – Destroying – Marking – Labeling – Handling – Storing – Declassifying

Misuse Prevention ThreatsCountermeasures Personal useAcceptable use policy, workstation controls, web content filtering, filtering Theft of mediaAppropriate media controls FraudBalancing of input/output reports, separation of duties, verification of information SniffersEncryption

Records Management Consideration for records management program development Guidelines for developing a records management program Records retention

Domain Agenda Resource Protection Continuity of Operations Change Control Management Privileged Entity Control

Adequate Software & Data Backup Operations controls ensure adequate backups of: – Data – Operating systems – Applications – Transactions – Configurations – Reports Backups must be tested Alternate site recovery plan

Fault Tolerance Hardware failure is planned for System recognizes a failure Automatic corrective action Standby systems – Cold – configured, not on, lost connections – Warm – On, some lost data or transactions (TRX) – Hot – ready – failover

RAID – Redundant Array of Independent Discs Hardware-based Software-based Hot spare

RAID Level 0 Two or more disks No redundancy Performance only

RAID Level 1 Exact copy (or mirror) Two or more disks Fault tolerant 200% cost

RAID Level 2 Striping of data with error correcting codes (ECC) Requires more disks than RAID 3/4/5 Not used, not commercially viable

RAID Level 3 Byte level stripes 1 drive for parity All other drives are for data

RAID Level 4 Block level stripes 1 drive for parity All other drives are for data

RAID Level 5 Block level stripes Data and parity interleaved amongst all drives The most popular RAID implementation

RAID Level 6 Block level stripes All drives used for data AND parity 2 parity types Higher cost More fault tolerant than RAID implementations 2 - 5

RAID Level 0+1 Mirroring and striping Higher cost Higher speed

RAID Level 10 Mirroring and striping Higher cost Higher speed

Redundant Array of Independent Taps (RAIT) Using tapes not disk Rea-time mirroring

Hot Spares Waiting for disaster Global Dedicated

Backup Types File image System image Data mirroring Electronic vaulting Remote journaling Database shadowing Redundant servers Standby services

System Recovery – Trusted Recovery Correct implementation Failures don’t compromise a system’s secure operation

Types of Trusted Recovery System reboot Emergency system restart System cold start

Fail Secure Cause little or no harm to personnel System remains secure

Operational Incident Handling First line of defense Logging, tracking and analysis of incidents Escalation and notification

Incident Response Team Benefits Protection of assets Profitability Regulations Avoiding downstream damage Limit exposure Priorities Life safety Labeled data Communication Reduce disruption

Contingency Plans Business continuity plans and procedures – Power failure – System failure – Denial of service – Intrusions – Tampering – Communication – Production delay – I/O errors

Domain Agenda Resource Protection Continuity of Operations Change Control Management Privileged Entity Control

Change Control Management Business and technology balance Defines – Process of changes – Ownership of changes Changes are reviewed for impact on security

Change Control Committee Responsibilities Management Business impact Regulations Risk management Approval Accreditation Technical Request process Functional impact Access control Testing Rollback Certification

Change Control Procedures Request Impact assessment Approval Build/test Implement Monitor

Configuration Management Elements Hardware inventory Hardware configuration chart Software Firmware Documentation requirements Testing

Patch Management Knowledge of patches Testing Deployment Zero-day challenges

Protection of Operational Files Library Maintenance – Backups – Source code – Object code – Configuration files Librarian

Domain Agenda Resource Protection Continuity of Operations Change Control Management Privileged Entity Control

Operator Privileges Data input and output Data maintenance Labeling Inventory

Administrator Privileges Systems administrators Network administrators Audit highly-privileged accounts

Security Administrator Privileges Security administration include: – Policy Development Implementation Maintenance and compliance – Vulnerability assessments – Incident response

Control Over Privileged Entities Review of access rights Supervision Monitoring/audit

Domain Summary Resource Protection Continuity of Operations Change Control Management Privileged Entity Control