Essential Question: What caused an Industrial Revolution in England in the 1800s? Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Europe?

What caused the Industrial Revolution & why did it begin in England? In the mid-1700s, an Industrial Revolution began in England that transformed the way work was done Rather than making goods by hand, new machines mass-produced products which lowered costs, increased profits, & changed the way people lived By 1900, industrialization spread through Europe & to the United States transforming the West into the dominant region of the world What caused the Industrial Revolution & why did it begin in England?

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

Farmers relied on the medieval & inefficient three-field system Before the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans worked & lived on small farming villages using inefficient methods of farming Farmers relied on the medieval & inefficient three-field system Few farmers experimented with new farm techniques As a result, the food that was produced kept the population of Europe from growing rapidly

New crops like corn & potatoes were introduced In the mid-1700s new farm techniques led to an Agricultural Revolution in Europe Fences were used to protect large farms (called the enclosure movement) Scientific farming methods like crop rotation maximized farmland & increased production New crops like corn & potatoes were introduced Private and public farmlands were not separated or fenced off It was easy for many families and famers to work the land cooperatively and productively All daily activities revolved around farming Great Britain = wool industry Used domestic system = products produced in the home by hand Workers set own hours & could take care of domestic duties Women took care of kids, cooked, etc. while making money at home Coal mining  most coal fields lay under the farmland Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers, forcing small farmers off their lands and out of business These farmers needed new jobs so they moved to the cities & found work in factories Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods New tools like the iron plow & seed drill made farming more efficient

“Enclosed” Lands Today

This created a need for new fuel sources and methods of production. As a result of this agricultural revolution, more food was made & Europe’s population increased… …This large population of workers who would soon find work in industrial factories This created a need for new fuel sources and methods of production.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Europe? Arabs, Indians, Chinese clearly the world leader in technological innovation between 700-1400, yet technological creativity had slowed in those regions. In addition, the relative newness of these European states and their monarchs’ desperate need for revenue in the absence of an effective tax-collecting bureaucracy pushed European royals into an unusual alliance with their merchant classes. Small groups of merchant capitalists might be granted special privileges, monopolies, or even tax-collecting responsibilities in exchange for much-needed loans or payments to the state. It was in the interest of governments to actively encourage commerce and innovation. States granted charters and monopolies to private trading companies, and governments founded scientific societies and offered prizes to promote innovation European merchants and other innovators from the fifteenth century onward gained an unusual degree of freedom from state control and in some places a higher social status than their counterparts in more established civilizations In Venice and Holland, merchants actually controlled the state By the eighteenth century, major Western European societies were highly commercialized and governed by states generally supportive of private commerce Of course, there were other factors to encourage industrialization Widespread contact with culturally different peoples was yet another factor that generated change and innovation This new global network, largely the creation of Europeans themselves, greatly energized European commerce and brought Europeans into direct contact with peoples around the world For example, Asia, home to the world’s richest and most sophisticated societies, was the initial destination of European voyages of exploration The competitive stimulus of Indian cotton textiles was one factor driving innovation in the British textile industry Europe-small and highly competitive states, encouraged a spirit of inventiveness to ensure competitive advantage.

Merchants granted privileges in exchange for loans to government. Monarchs were desperate for revenue. Governments founded scientific societies and offered prizes for innovation. Why Europe? Later slave-produced cotton supplied an emerging textile industry with its key raw material at low prices. Merchants granted privileges in exchange for loans to government. Sugar furnished cheap calories to European workers. The Americas provided silver that allowed them to operate in Asian market and resources such as timber, maize, fish, & potatoes. Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Instead, pockets of industrialization appeared, as in the coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management. Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits. In 1858, a German economist wrote, “Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms.” Germany’s economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a military power. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant. Americas also offered a market for machine-produced goods.

A large labor supply- population boom, farms needed fewer workers Why Great Britain? England had large deposits of natural resources: coal, iron, rivers, harbors A large labor supply- population boom, farms needed fewer workers England’s Economic Advantages A central bank Well-developed credit market Government encouraged technological change and free markets Supported capitalism Labor surplus Builds railroads, canals, and better roads And British aristocrats, unlike their counterparts in Europe, had long been interested in commerce British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation Its policy of religious toleration, formally established in 1688, welcomed people with technical skills regardless of their faith, whereas France’s persecution of its Protestant minority had chased out some of its most skilled workers The British government also favored men of business with tariffs to keep out cheap Indian textiles, with laws that made it easy to form companies and to forbid workers’ unions, with that they served to protect the interests of inventors. Checks on royal authority – trial by jury and the growing authority of parliament – provided for a freer arena for private enterprise than elsewhere in Europe. Europe’s Scientific Revolution also took a distinctive form in Great Britain in ways that fostered its technological innovation. Whereas science on the continent was largely based on logic, deduction, and mathematical reasoning, in Britain, it was much more concerned with observation and experiment, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercial applications. England’s colonies provided cheap raw materials & markets to sell industrial goods

England also had… England had banks, a gov’t that encouraged trade & invention, & money to invest in industry British government favored businessmen- tariffs to keep out cheap foreign products, forbid workers’ unions, patents to protect inventors. From 1750 to 1850, England was the most industrialized nation in the world

What was the first industry to industrialize?

The population boom created a demand for clothing but traditional methods of textile making were slow As a result, the textile industry became the first to become industrialized

What do these inventions do? Sewing machine Spin yarn Weave yarn into cloth New inventions sped up spinning, weaving, sewing

Growing Textile Industry Flying Shuttle = didn’t have to push shuttle back & forth across loom anymore; could just pull a cord and it would “fly”  wider fabrics now woven at a faster pace Spinning Jenny = could spin more threads at a time

Growing Textile Industry Water Frame = huge spinning frame that ran continuously on waterpower Power Loom = faster loom that allowed weavers to keep up with the amount of thread used

What do these inventions do? European demand for cotton led to a boom in cotton production and slavery in the southern United States Cotton gin Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin stimulated a demand for cotton textiles

New textile machinery led to the factory system Factory system- production that brings machines and workers together under control of a manager. Factory owners made huge profits selling mass-produced clothes Power-driven machines were able to mass-produce goods very fast & cheap Production shifted from homes to factories.

Factories needed power & were usually located near rivers The textile industry & the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries Factories needed power & were usually located near rivers In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power & allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

Factories led to a demand for faster transpiration The textile industry & the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries Factories led to a demand for faster transpiration Roads & canals were built in England; Robert Fulton’s steamboat increased the speed of water travel The greatest improvement to transportation was the steam-powered railroad Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain The invention and perfection of the locomotive had at least four major effects. First, railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products. Second, the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. These miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines. Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities. Finally, by making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs. Also, railroads lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside. Like a locomotive racing across the country, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid and unsettling changes to people’s lives. RRs were fast, increased profits, & stimulated the iron & coal industries

Growth of Railroads, 1850-1880

Iron was needed to produce new machines, engines, & railroad track The textile industry & the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in coal to power factories & RRs Iron was needed to produce new machines, engines, & railroad track By 1800, England made more iron than all other nations in the world combined

Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coal Mining in Britain 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

The textile industry & the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel which is stronger than iron Steel allowed engineers to design more powerful machines, taller buildings, & longer bridges The Industrial Revolution could now spread beyond the textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads and steamships, food processing, construction, chemicals, electricity, the telegraph and telephone, rubber, pottery, printing, and much more. Agriculture was also affected as mechanical reapers, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and refrigeration increased productivity and efficiency. The Industrial Revolution could now spread beyond the textile industry.

Other inventions of the Industrial Revolution include electricity, new forms of communication such as the telegraph & telephone, business machines like typewriters & cash registers, food processing, chemicals, and medical improvements like vaccines

Early Phase of Europe’s Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution soon spread throughout Europe & America Germany was quick to embrace new industrial technologies Germany had large supplies of coal & iron ore Germans built a large network of railroads, iron & textile factories Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Instead, pockets of industrialization appeared, as in the coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management. Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits. In 1858, a German economist wrote, “Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms.” Germany’s economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a military power. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant. By the mid 1800s, Germany was one of the world’s industrial leaders & built a powerful modern militaries

The Industrial Revolution soon spread throughout Europe & America Industrial ideas turned the United States into an important world power Southern cotton led to textile mills in the North After the Civil War in 1865, American industry boomed & the United States became a world leader in railroads, oil, steel, electricity Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Instead, pockets of industrialization appeared, as in the coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management. Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits. In 1858, a German economist wrote, “Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms.” Germany’s economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a military power. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant. Many U.S. companies merged to form large corporations & monopolies

Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic & military power Conclusions: From 1700 to 1900, revolutions in agriculture, industry, transportation, & communication changed Western Europe and the United States Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic & military power Industry also had numerous negative effects on working conditions & the standard of living for urban workers Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the United States. Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic power. In contrast, the economies of Asia and Africa were still based on agriculture and small workshops. Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society, from daily life to life expectancy. Despite the hardships early urban workers suffered, population, health, and wealth eventually rose dramatically in all industrialized countries. The development of a middle class created great opportunities for education and democratic participation. Greater democratic participation, in turn, fueled a powerful movement for social reform.

Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean Improved agricultural productivity The geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Abundance of rivers and canals Access to foreign resources European demographic changes. Urbanization The accumulation of capital Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Instead, pockets of industrialization appeared, as in the coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management. Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits. In 1858, a German economist wrote, “Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms.” Germany’s economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a military power. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant. Legal protection of private property.