LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 1 dr. ir. Marcel Didden Choosing the appropriate voltage dip mitigation device LABORELEC

© LABORELEC – 2006 – 2Content 1.Introduction 2.Mitigation equipment 3.Dip immunization capability 4.Other aspects 5.Conclusion

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 3 1. Introduction

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 4 Voltage dips / sags Dips are mainly caused by short circuits > 10% < 2 s Dip

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 5 Cost per process outage (cases Laborelec 2004/2005)

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 6 Mitigation possibilities  Options a, b and d are most interesting, but not always possible  Sometimes c is the only option Installing a UPS is the easiest way to mitigate dips but too expensive This presentation analyses alternatives

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 7 Mitigation equipment 2.

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 8 Flywheel

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 9 Static UPS

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 10 Dynamic Voltage Restorer

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 11 Statcom

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 12 Shunt connected synchronous motor

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 13 Transformerless series injection

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 14 Dip immunization capability 3.

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 15 Dip distribution

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 16 Immunization level

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 17 Immunization level

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 18 Other aspects 4.

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 19 Size  - : only > 1MW  = : only > 100 kW  +: also < 100 kW Purchase cost  - : > 250 €/kVA  = : 150 – 250 €/kVA  +: < 150 €/kVA Maintenance  -: annual maintenance required  +: no annual maintenance required

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 20 Efficiency  +: losses <0,5% S rated  =: losses 0,5-2% S rated  -: losses >2% S rated Harmonics, reactive power  =: no influence  +: positive influence Reaction time  +: reaction or activation transient < 1 ms  =: transient 1-5 ms  -: transient > 5 ms

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 21 Summary

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 22 Conclusion 5.

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 23 Most cost efficient  DVR without energy storage  Transformerless series injector If harmonics are an issue  Synchronous motor If all sags have to be dealt with  Flywheel or static UPS further information on manufacturers or concrete case studies