World War 1 Chapter 23

Chapter 23 Section 2 Propaganda Influencing public opinion against or for a cause, used by most nations during times of war especially nations with Totalitarian leaders

Eastern Front Russia suffered two early defeats to Germany at the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, the Russian threat to Germany was over A-H struggled at the start and was betrayed in 1915 by Italy German aid kept the Austrians in it and they soon knocked Serbia from the war and Bulgaria joined in With 2.5 million dead Russia was nearly out of the war, Germany now focused on the Western Front

Western Front Germans advanced to the Battle of the Marne but were stopped there, TRENCH WARFARE turns the Western Front into a stalemate Military leaders were baffled by trench warfare and the stalemate dragged on through 1917 At Verdun, 700,000 men died during the 10 month battle…a war of attrition had begun

Widening of War The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the German side A British Prince, Lawrence of Arabia persuaded Arab Princes to revolt against the Ottomans In 1918 the British, with help from there Indian, Australian and New Zealand forces, defeated the Ottoman Empire and asked Japan to take over German colonies in the Southeast

Entry of the US German sinking of the Lusitania killed 128 Americans An angry US demanded Germans stop Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and they did Hoping to knock the British out before the US reached Europe the Germans resumed USW They also ask Mexico to attack the US in the “Zimmerman Note” With no other option the US declared war!

The Russian Revolution Section 3 Czar took full control of his army and left the capital to be with his troops on the front line Unprepared and poorly supplied, the Russian army was decimated during the opening years of war From there were 2 million dead and up to 6 million wounded

Identify Page 733 Alexandra Grigori Rasputin

Identify Page 733 Alexandria: Czar Nicholas II wife, made decisions regarding the country while the Czar was away Grigori Rasputin: uneducated Siberian peasant, had great influence over Alexandria and was making most of the decisions for her while Czar was away…killed by Russian assassins who shot then drowned him

March Revolution Do to food rationing, RU women take to the streets in strikes and protests in Petrograd Troops were ordered to break up the massive crowds of up to 10,000 but many joined the protesters Nicholas, realizing defeat, stepped down on in 03/1917 & a “Provisional Gov’t” was setup under new leader Alexander Kerensky The new gov’t made one critical mistake, they decided to continue w/ the war

Rise of Lenin & the Bolsheviks VI Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks (communists), was helped back into RU by the DE who were looking to create disorder in RU Lenin’s arrival ignited the smaller Soviet (Russian communists) groups in RU They promised to end the war & rallied the common people of RU to their side

Civil War in Russia Page Who was Leon Trotsky? 2. What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do? 3. What happened to the Royal Family of Russia in 1918? 4. Why was the Red Army successful in obtaining power in Russia? 5. What was the name of the Russian secret police? 6. Was the new Russian government an ally or enemy of the Allied Powers and why?

Leon Trotsky Dedicated Revolutionary and head of the Petrograd Soviets Becomes Commissar of War under Lenin, reinstitutes the draft and establishes a code of strict discipline

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Ends Russian involvement in WW1 Gives DE land from Poland, Ukraine, and Finland

Czar Nicholas and the Royal Family The Czar and his family were taken prisoner in 1917 and on July 16, 1918 they were killed and their bodies burned

Red Army Lenin’s Red Army defeats the White Army (non-communists) mostly bc of the disunity of the Whites…some whites wanted the Czar restored while others preferred Democracy War communism  Gov’t control of banks / industries  Seizing of grain from peasants  Centralization of state administration

Russian Secret Police Known as the “Cheka”, they used terror to keep the people of RU from revolting

Allied Powers and the new Russian Government The new Russian gov’t was an enemy to the Allies who had used troops to try and prevent the Communists from succeeding Over 100,000 Allied troops (JP, GB, US, & FR) occupied RU to aid the White Army at one point (Side Note) Only the emergence of Hitler will make the Allies see eye to eye with the Communists

Final Years of the War In 1917 the US provided fresh troops and supplies to an exhausted Allied force RU had been forced to exit the war bc of a communist revolution & pending civil war FR and GB soldiers had been worn down from being in the trenches for 4+ years

Final German Offensive (use pg. 740 in your textbook to answer the following questions) 1. How close did the Germans come to reaching Paris? 2. What was the outcome of the 2 nd Battle of Marne? 3. What did Ludendorff inform German leaders? 4. What demand did the Allies make of Germany before they would make peace?

Armistice Day! November 11, 1918, DE officially surrenders On the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month the war was finally over… DE was left unstable AH was broken up EU was in ruins

Ruins of Chateau Thierry

Damaged mill at Courcelles, France

Verdun, France

Paris, France

Peace Settlements 1. What was Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace called and what did it focus on? 2. Who became the spokesman for the new postwar world? 3. What did the FR desire from postwar peace? 4. Who were the Big Four? Which one did not have an equal say? 5. What was the US Senate response to the peace settlement?

Treaty of Versailles Contained a War Guilt Clause, DE accepted full responsibility for the war DE had to pay for ALL the damages from the war Alsace and Lorraine (DE territory) was returned to FR The Rhine, area bordering FR was completely demilitarized to protect FR in the future

Ottoman Empire Broken up after its defeat France took control of Lebanon and Syria Britain took control of Iraq and Palestine This was known as the Mandate System, they governed the nations but did not own them