Why was Lamarck wrong? Use and disuse of acquired characteristics. Give some examples of characteristics that humans might acquire… He was also correct about 2 important points. What was correct?

Peter & Rosemary Grant

Alfred Russell Wallace

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology Biogeography Comparative Biochemistry DNA, proteins and their amino acid sequences

Comparative Anatomy Give examples and know definitions for: HOMOLOGOUS stuctures ANALOGOUS structures VESTIGIAL structures Which of these are useful in studying evolution and which one is NOT useful in evolution?

Embryonic Development

Natural Selection: 1. variation in a characteristic of organisms in a population 2.more offspring than can all survive 3. competition for limited resources 4. differential survival and reproduction – some organisms produce more offspring 5. next generation will carry traits that are beneficial for that environment

Natural selection (cont): Give some specific examples of variation in a characteristic What are some examples of limited resources? Give some examples of competition: Where does the variation come from? How does the variation start in the first place???

Artificial Selection How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

Is this how evolution works?

Other terms to know: Convergent evolution Divergent evolution Adaptive radiation:

Adaptive radiation in honeycreeper birds

Cladogram = visual way to show relationships in phylogeny

Cladogram: Where is the common ancestor located? What is represented by each node? Which species are the oldest? Which are the newest?

Tree of Life – we can look at all of biodiversity in this tree of life obio/biomenu/options_folder/D5_phylogeny_ systematics/index.htm

3 Modes of Selection Pressures Directional Selection selection is against one extreme Disruptive Selection selection is against the average/middle Stabilizing Selection selection is against both extremes Which type is MOST likely to lead to speciation? Which type is LEAST likely to lead to speciation?

Stab

Microevolution: Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effect Gene Flow Founder Effect

Genetic Drift

Bottleneck Effect

Founder Effect

Gene Flow

Rate of Evolutionary Change

Fossil record:

Hominid and Human evolution

fossil record: Index fossils allow scientists to determine relative dates and older vs younger fossils Older fossils are found in deeper rock layers unless…. (what might disturb rock layers?) Fossils found in sedimentary rock; insects also found in amber Fragments or entire tissues found as fossils: skeletons, teeth, feathers, leaves, footprints as casts

Coevolution When 2 species are so interconnected that any changes in 1 species is followed by changes in the other species Pollinators and flowering plants Plants and herbivorous insects

Speciation What is speciation? Genetic Drift vs Natural Selection (bottle neck effect, founder effect or simply genetic drift) Mechanisms for speciation: 1. Geographic isolation 2. Behavior isolation 3. Reproductive isolation

Reproductive isolation occurs either by geographic isolation or temporal or behavioral isolation

Can speciation occur within a population or must there be 2 different populations?

Geographic isolation:

Behavioral isolation:

Temporal isolation

Which isolating mechanism?