UNIT 4 THE WORLD WAR I ERA CHAPTER 19 THE WORLD WAR I ERA

OBJECTIVES CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. Objective 4.3: Analyze the military and financial ways in which America prepared for war. Objective 4.3: Analyze the military and financial ways in which America prepared for war. THEME: At the beginning of the 20 th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare. THEME: At the beginning of the 20 th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare.

Presidents of the United States George Washington; Federalist (1788) George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880) James Garfield; Republican (1880) #21 - …  Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)  Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)  William McKinley; Republican (1896)  Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)  William Howard Taft; Republican (1909) #28 - Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1913)

America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: The United States Declares War Section 3: Americans on the European Front Section 4: Americans on the Home Front Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920) Section 5: Global Peacemaker

AMERICANS ON THE EUROPEAN FRONT Chapter 19 Section 3 NOTES:

TRAINING FOR WAR Building an Army  The United States lacked a large and available military force.  To start, Congress sent the Allies supplies and $3 billion in loans.  A small force of 14,500 led by General Pershing was sent as well. Congress passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting young men into the military. Congress passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting young men into the military.  Draft was widely accepted  All males age 21 to 31, later changed to  3 out of 24 million were drafted Draftees, volunteers, and National Guard made up the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing. Ideally, the military planned to give new soldiers several months of training in boot camps  However, the need to send forces to Europe quickly sometimes cut training time short.

congress actions

General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks. 2 million in France by Sept. 1918

CHANGES IN RUSSIA With the Russian Revolution (March 1917) Czar Nicholas II was overthrown With the Russian Revolution (March 1917) Czar Nicholas II was overthrown However, the new Republican government remained involved in the unpopular war However, the new Republican government remained involved in the unpopular war In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia. In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian republican government and made peace with Germany. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian republican government and made peace with Germany. The 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia leads to Russia exiting WWI, which puts the Allies in position to lose the war to Germany The 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia leads to Russia exiting WWI, which puts the Allies in position to lose the war to Germany The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and also meant that the German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western front. The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and also meant that the German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western front. Before the arrival of American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles of Paris in May 1918 Before the arrival of American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles of Paris in May 1918

TRANSPORTING TROOPS The Convoy System To transport troops across the Atlantic, the U.S. employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to destroy submarines. To transport troops across the Atlantic, the U.S. employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to destroy submarines. Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying American troops. Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying American troops. American Soldiers in Europe By 1918, European nations had begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe. American soldiers bring energy to the battlefront and help turn the tide of war for the Allies

ALLIED VICTORY 1918 General John Pershing’s American troops, however, pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. General John Pershing’s American troops, however, pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. They recapture the village of Cantigny on May 28, 1918 They recapture the village of Cantigny on May 28, 1918 Chateau-Thierry (June 4): Americans help save Paris from invasion Chateau-Thierry (June 4): Americans help save Paris from invasion At a loss of half their men, General James Harbord and his “We dig no trenches to fall back on strategy” works and they push Central powers back to German border At a loss of half their men, General James Harbord and his “We dig no trenches to fall back on strategy” works and they push Central powers back to German border Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive Began on September 26, 1918 and ended on November 11 Began on September 26, 1918 and ended on November 11

Ending the War In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable. German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable. When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, at 5am on November 11, 1918 which ended WWI. When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, at 5am on November 11, 1918 which ended WWI.

Effects of War The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people than all of the wartime battles. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people than all of the wartime battles. Believed to be carried by Americans - Could kill within days Believed to be carried by Americans - Could kill within days Estimated ½ million in U.S. and 30 million worldwide perish Estimated ½ million in U.S. and 30 million worldwide perish Dead and Wounded Dead and Wounded The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by poison gas. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by poison gas. Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their talents and abilities. Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their talents and abilities. Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the government. In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the government.