Agenda

Review To what extent was Russia’s expanding empire influenced by relations with western Europe in this period?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

Essential learning: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic world(1750-1850)

Objectives Describe how the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenged the established political structures and forms of governance and religion in Europe.

Essential Questions How did the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenge the established political structures and forms of governance and religion in Europe?

Target: The 18th Century Crisis Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crisis 1600s – European competition for trade routes and colonies 18th century War of Spanish Succession War of Austrian Succession Seven Years War Traditional taxes no longer sufficient.

The Enlightenment and the Old Order Applied methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution to society. Challenged long-established religious and political institutions.

John-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) John Locke (1632-1704) Two Treatises of Government (1689) John-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) The Social Contract (1762) People give up some rights to be governed. Voltaire – freedom of speech Baron de Montesquieu – separation of powers.

Enlightened despots Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796) Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) Expanded royal authority. Bureaucracies staffed by merit. National legal systems Modernization of tax systems.

Monarchs quickly suppressed some ideas of ex. republicanism Too many open channels of communication. Women Influenced expanding middle class in Europe.

Counter Enlightenment Enlightenment was a dangerous assault on church and monarchs. France and other Catholic nations. Emphasized faith.

Folk Cultures and Popular Protest Common people saw reforms as violations of sacred customs. Bread riots, tax protests, attacks. Reformers tried to bring order by banning or changing traditions.

Essential Questions How did the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenge the established political structures and forms of governance and religion in Europe?

Agenda

Review How did the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenge the established political structures and forms of governance and religion in Europe?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

Essential learning: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic world(1750-1850)

Objectives Evaluate the origins and accomplishments of the French Revolution.

Essential Questions What were the origins and accomplishments of the French Revolution?

Target: The French Revolution French Society and Fiscal Crisis Estate system First Estate – clergy Second Estate – nobility Third Estate – paid most taxes Bourgeoisie – poor harvests increased cost of living. Peasants (80% pop.) – violent protests.

Financial Crisis New taxes after War of Austrian Succession led to protests Seven Years War debt Louis XVI assumed throne in 1774. American Revolution = debt. Summoning of an Assembly of Notables failed.

Protest turns to Revolution (1789-1792) Elite refused to grant tax concessions = Louis XVI called the Estates General. Third Estate becomes the National Assembly. Tennis Court Oath – pledged to write a constitution. Rise in bread prices. High unemployment.

King gathered troops against the National Assembly. Crowds attacked the Bastille on July 14, 1789. Peasant uprisings. National Assembly ended privileges of the first two estates.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Economic crisis worsened in Paris. New constitution – limited monarchial power, abolished nobility as a hereditary class, eliminated monopolies and trade barriers. Renamed the Legislative Assembly – tied church to state.

The Terror (1793-1794) Legislative Assembly suspended king’s authority and imprisoned him. Creation of the National Convention. Louis XVI executed.

National Convention – almost all middle class and Jacobins (radical republicans). Maximilien Robespierre Placed executive power in the Committee of Public Safety.

Reign of Terror (1793-1794) 40,000 executions and deaths in prison. Guillotine. Another 30,000 suffered imprisonment. Robespierre targeted his closest political collaborators. Robespierre arrested and executed in July 1794.

Reaction and the Rise of Napoleon (1795-1815) Convention undid radical reforms. Removed price controls = working class protested. Catholic Church regained influence, but gov’t kept wealth. New constitution created the Directory.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Military reputation promised stability (popular dictatorship) Emperor in 1804. Concordat of 1801 – freedom of religion, gov’t appoints bishops and priests Civil Code of 1804 – equality in law, protection of property. Denial of political rights for women. Limited free speech.

Napoleonic (continental) system depended on success of French arms. Invaded Portugal and Spain. Invaded Russia in 1812. 600,000-man army, took Moscow. Russian winter and scorched earth policy cut army to 30,000. Austrian, Prussian, English, Russian alliance. Abdicated in April 1814, exiled to Elba. Returned in 1815, defeated at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena.

Essential Questions What were the origins and accomplishments of the French Revolution?

Agenda

Review What were the origins and accomplishments of the French Revolution?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

Essential learning: revolution spread, conservatives respond(1789-1850)

Objectives Describe how revolution in one country helped incite revolution elsewhere.

Essential Questions How did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?

Target: The Haitian Revolution (1789-1804) Saint Domingue 1789 – one of the richest colonies in the Americas. 500,000 slaves.

News of the Estates General reached Saint Domingue in 1789. Delegations to Paris Wealthy planters - more home rule, greater economic freedom. Gens de couleur (free, mixed-race) – limit discrimination. Weakened colonial administrators = power struggle.

By 1791, whites and the gens de couleur were in open warfare. African politics and revolutionary ideology helped mobilize and direct rebelling slaves.

1804 – the republic of Haiti declared independence Toussaint L’Ouverture – former slave, created disciplined military force. 1794 – National Convention abolished slavery. Led invasion of Santo Domingo, freeing slaves. Yellow fever and revolutionary resistance turned the tide. 1804 – the republic of Haiti declared independence

Target: The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment (1815-1820) Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) – European nations met to reestablish political order after the fall of Napoleon. Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Reestablished French monarchy, recognized 1792 borders. Territorial gains. “Holy Alliance” – Austrian, Russian, and Prussian alliance to suppress nationalist movements.

Target: Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution (1821-1850) Popular support for self-determination and democratic reform grew throughout Europe. Self-determination – the want of a group of people to determine their own political future 1821 – Greek independence movement. European nations recognized in 1830. French revolutionary violence British gov’t passed the Corn Laws in 1815 – limited importation of foreign grains.

Revolutions of 1848 Upheavals across Europe. Parisian middle class and workers overthrew Louis Philippe, created the Second French Republic. Louis Napoleon (Emperor Napoleon III)

Reformers pressed for greater self-determination from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph (r .1848-1916) reestablished authority. Middle-class reformers and workers in Berlin sought German unification.

Revolutionaries of 1848 failed to gain their objectives. Monarchs retained support of aristocratic and professional militaries.

Essential Questions How did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?