Chapter 24 Section 2

Clash of philosophies Conservative- wealthy property owners and nobility; want to keep traditional monarchies of Europe Liberal- middle-class business leaders and merchants; want to give more power to elected parliaments (only educated and landowners can vote Radical- want drastic change to give democracy to all people; believe governments should practice liberty, equality, and brotherhood

Nationalism develops Nationalism emerges- people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history Mostly radicals and liberals were nationalists Nation-state defends a nations territory and way of life 1815- only France, England, and Spain are considered nation-states

Nationalists challenge conservative power Greeks were first to win self- rule Part of Ottoman Empire until their rebellion in 1821 Ottomans controlled the Balkan territory (Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia)

Greeks gain independence Most powerful European governments opposed revolution, but Greek independence was popular around the world 1827- British, French, and Russian fleets helped Greece to destroy the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino 1830- Britain, France, Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece

1830s Uprisings crushed Liberals and nationalists were revolting against conservative government's October 1830- Belgians declare independence from the Dutch Italy worked to unite, but Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order Polish, under the control of Russia, revolt Took one year, but Russians finally overpowered the Poles

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Angry mob in Vienna, Austria clashed with Police Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings erupted Revolutionaries failed to unite themselves, thus allowing conservatives to regain control

Radicals Change France 1830- King Charles X tried to return to absolute monarchy Riots erupted around the country, and Charles flees to Great Britain Louis-Philippe replaces Charles X

The third republic 1848- Louis-Philippe resigned after reigning for 18 years A Paris mob overturns the monarchy and makes France a republic Radicals had two different views: One group wanted only political reform The other wanted political, social, and economic reform Their differences caused bloody battles, thus causing people to move away from radicalism 1848- constitution created with a parliament and president elected by the people

France accepts strong ruler December 1848- Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew) becomes president 1852- becomes Emperor Napoleon III The people were weary of instability, but welcomed a ruler who would bring peace to France He built railroads, pushed for industrialization, and public works Unemployment rate decreases

Reform in Russia Serfs were bound to Nobles who had unlimited power over them Citizens wanted to free the serfs but the czars were afraid to upset nobles and lose their support 1853- Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over Ottoman Empire Russian army didn't have proper supplies 1856- lost war against France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans Alexander II moved Russia toward modernization

Reform and Reaction 1861- decree to free serfs Instead of giving land to individual peasants, the entire peasant community received half of the farmland in the country and had 49 years to pay the debt off Serfs are now legally free, but have debts to pay 1881-Alexander II assassinated by terrorists Alexander III takes over Encourages industrial development to expand power Nationalism was a major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion