Immigration – million Europeans came to the U.S – million Europeans came to the U.S. 3 million came in one decade 1845 – million came in one decade 1845 – 1854 Largest immigration proportionate to the total population in American HistoryLargest immigration proportionate to the total population in American History Irish were the most numerous immigrant groupIrish were the most numerous immigrant group Germans secondGermans second Other groups include: England, Scotland, Whales, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and HollandOther groups include: England, Scotland, Whales, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Holland

Immigration Expectations Expectations Why did most immigrants come to the U.S.Why did most immigrants come to the U.S. Religious freedom Religious freedom Mormons recruited in the slums of EnglandMormons recruited in the slums of England Emigrants from Norway were Quakers fleeing persecutions by Lutheran clergyEmigrants from Norway were Quakers fleeing persecutions by Lutheran clergy Largest numbers of immigrants had come to the U.S. to better their economic situationLargest numbers of immigrants had come to the U.S. to better their economic situation Many expected utopia Many expected utopia Travel to U.S. was terrifying Travel to U.S. was terrifying Farming in U.S. lacked the social aspects that European farmers were accustomed to having. Farming in U.S. lacked the social aspects that European farmers were accustomed to having.

Immigration Expectations Expectations Ports of departure were often used by custom. Each country would tend to use one port more than another. Therefore, immigrants entering the United States would enter into the same port from the same country most of the time.Ports of departure were often used by custom. Each country would tend to use one port more than another. Therefore, immigrants entering the United States would enter into the same port from the same country most of the time. Irish – New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey Irish – New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey Germans – New Orleans, but then settled in the upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys, (Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Missouri) Germans – New Orleans, but then settled in the upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys, (Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Missouri) Settlement patterns characterized immigrants Settlement patterns characterized immigrants

Immigration Expectations Expectations Germans and Irish tended to concentrate in cities forgoing farmingGermans and Irish tended to concentrate in cities forgoing farming Cities need strong labor forcesCities need strong labor forces Irish built the houses, new streets, and aqueducts that were changing urban AmericaIrish built the houses, new streets, and aqueducts that were changing urban America Irish also built canals and railroadsIrish also built canals and railroads Cities offered social aspect that farming lacked for the immigrant Cities offered social aspect that farming lacked for the immigrant

Immigration Expectations – The Germans Expectations – The Germans Diverse groupDiverse group Bavarians, Westphalians, or Saxons rather than Germans.Bavarians, Westphalians, or Saxons rather than Germans. Could be Catholic, Protestant, most often Lutherans and Jews.Could be Catholic, Protestant, most often Lutherans and Jews. Came from a wide range of social classes and occupationsCame from a wide range of social classes and occupations Mostly farmers, some were professionals, artisans, and trades people.Mostly farmers, some were professionals, artisans, and trades people.

Immigration Expectations – The Germans Expectations – The Germans Heinrich Steinweg – Henry Steinway Heinrich Steinweg – Henry Steinway Steinway pianosSteinway pianos Levi Strauss – Levi’s Levi Strauss – Levi’s Bound together by common language Bound together by common language Stayed in German neighborhoods Stayed in German neighborhoods Climbed social ladder in their on ethnic communities Climbed social ladder in their on ethnic communities Schools, volunteer organizations, newspapers, etc Schools, volunteer organizations, newspapers, etc

Immigration Expectations – The Germans Expectations – The Germans Economic self-sufficiency conspired with the strong bonds of their language to encourage a clannish psychology among the German immigrants Economic self-sufficiency conspired with the strong bonds of their language to encourage a clannish psychology among the German immigrants Americans admired industriousness Americans admired industriousness Americans resented their economic success Americans resented their economic success Americans disdained their clannishness. Americans disdained their clannishness.