6.1: Industrialization & Politics: The Gilded Age  What does it mean when something is Gilded? What does this imply about this age in US History?

USA in the Gilded Age: Industrialization Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow Ranching, Mining, Farming

USA in the Gilded Age: The South The South: After the failure of Reconstruction in 1877, the South entered the Jim Crow era

Sharecropping & Segregation

USA in the Gilded Age: The West The West: Farmers, ranchers, & miners closed the last of the frontier at the expense of Indians

Mining was the 1 st attraction to the West; Miners created “instant towns” in areas where gold or silver was discovered

Cattle Ranchers on the “Open Range”

The Farming Bonanza Homestead Act  In 1862, the U.S. government began the Homestead Act which encouraged farmers to settle in the West by offering 160 acres of land to families who promised to live there for 5 years A pioneer sod house

Morrill Act (1862)  Law passed to encourage teaching western farmers new industrialized farming practices  Federal land given to states; states must build colleges on the land for teaching agricultural & mechanical arts)

Granger Laws  Laws passed by some Western and Midwestern states to regulate the price of railroad tickets/shipments  Created b/c farmers complained about RR companies charging more $$ for shorter distances

transcontinental 1 st transcontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869 Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section

Populists  Populists were westerners who wanted  “Free silver” (Bi-metalism)  Regulation of railroads  Income tax (16 th Amendment )  Direction election of senators (17 th Amendment )

Effects of the Populist party  16 th & 17 th Amendments (1913)  Initiative: Voters can initiate ideas for new laws  Referendum: Voters can mark ballots for/against specific laws  Gov’t ownership of Railroads  Gov’t ownership of telephone & telegraph companies

Native Americans in the West: Native Americans in the West: Major Battles & Reservations Little Big HornLittle Big Horn—Sioux surrounded & killed US Army division led by Custer Wounded KneeWounded Knee—Indians were killed to stop performance of Ghost Dance ritual

The Original Native Americans reservations Indian tribes retained only a few reservations set aside by the U.S. government

USA in the Gilded Age: The North The North: Experienced an industrial revolution, mass immigration, & urbanization

America became the world’s leader in railroad, steel, & oil production

“Big Business”  Monopoliestrusts  Monopolies (trusts): Companies that controlled the majority of one industry:  Rockefeller’s Standard Oil  Carnegie’s U.S. Steel  Vanderbilt’s railroads

Sherman Anti-Trust Law  Law created to break up trusts/monopolies  Used to break up Standard Oil into smaller companies  Protects competition (and therefore consumers)  Infuriated some Industrialists:  “Why Can’t we get as big as our skills allow us?” “Why hinder success?”

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

“New Immigration” & Urbanization

Ellis Island was the primary receiving port for _________ immigrants. Asian immigrants were primarily processed at ______ Island in the San Francisco Bay. European Angel

Working & Living Conditions

The Thirteenth Amendment ended 1. slavery 2. Black codes 3. the Civil War 4. Jim Crow Laws

The court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine was 1. Marbury vs. Madison. 2. Dred Scott vs. Sanford. 3. Miranda vs. Arizona. 4. Plessy vs. Ferguson.

This labor union (created by Samuel Gompers) was open only to skilled, white male workers 1. American Federation of Labor. 2. Knights of Labor. 3. Wobblies. 4. National Workers Association.

Poor, run-down urban apartments were also called: 1. slums 2. tenements 3. suburbs 4. skyscrapers

Outlawing the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the 1. Battle of Little Big Horn 2. Battle of Potowanamie Creek 3. Massacre at Sand Creek. 4. Battle of Wounded Knee.

The two factors that did most to encourage western settlement after the Civil War were 1. the gold rush & cattle economy 2. the Homestead Act & the railroad 3. removal of the buffalo & Native Americans from the plains 4. the removal of the Indians & the gold rush

Which best explains why Standard Oil was so successful 1. interlocking directorate 2. buying stocks “on the margin” 3. labor unions 4. horizontal integration

Which population trend occurred in the U.S. from 1860 to 1920? 1. fewer Eastern & Southern European immigrants coming to America 2. the growth of the suburbs 3. people moved from the North to the South 4. growth in American cities

The size and power of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company caused which of the following? The government created anti-trust laws. 2. The public accepted the benefits of monopolies. 3. Many other businessmen entered the oil business. 4. Many wealthy people chose to give away millions of dollars.

Which of the following contributed MOST to the forced removal of Native Americans from the Great Plains from 1867 to 1890? the desire to establish military posts 2. the building of new canals 3. the westward shift of the frontier 4. the desire for more land to grow cotton