Basic Microcomputer Design. Inside the CPU Registers – storage locations Control Unit (CU) – coordinates the sequencing of steps involved in executing.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The CPU The Central Presentation Unit What is the CPU?
Advertisements

Machine cycle.
Khaled A. Al-Utaibi  Computers are Every Where  What is Computer Engineering?  Design Levels  Computer Engineering Fields  What.
Vacuum tubes Transistor 1948 ICs 1960s Microprocessors 1970s.
1 Hardware and Software Architecture Chapter 2 n The Intel Processor Architecture n History of PC Memory Usage (Real Mode)
Data Manipulation Computer System consists of the following parts:
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers Chapter 2: IA-32 Processor Architecture Kip Irvine.
Vacuum tubes Transistor 1948 –Smaller, Cheaper, Less heat dissipation, Made from Silicon (Sand) –Invented at Bell Labs –Shockley, Brittain, Bardeen ICs.
Microprocessor Systems Design I Instructor: Dr. Michael Geiger Spring 2012 Lecture 2: 80386DX Internal Architecture & Data Organization.
1 Sec (2.3) Program Execution. 2 In the CPU we have CU and ALU, in CU there are two special purpose registers: 1. Instruction Register 2. Program Counter.
Inside The CPU. Buses There are 3 Types of Buses There are 3 Types of Buses Address bus Address bus –between CPU and Main Memory –Carries address of where.
LOGO. Characteristics of Processors  Funtions  Is the central processing unit, performing all the processing, calculation and control systems.  The.
Basic Operational Concepts of a Computer
Copyright Jim Martin Computers Inside and Out Dr Jim Martin
1 More on Computer Components Computer switches Binary number system Inside the CPU Cache memory Types of RAM Computer buses Creating faster CPUs NEXT.
Computer Processing of Data
3 1 3 C H A P T E R Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices.
CPU Computer Hardware Organization (How does the computer look from inside?) Register file ALU PC System bus Memory bus Main memory Bus interface I/O bridge.
Computer Architecture and Organization Introduction.
Chapter 2 The CPU and the Main Board  2.1 Components of the CPU 2.1 Components of the CPU 2.1 Components of the CPU  2.2Performance and Instruction Sets.
Computers organization & Assembly Language Chapter 0 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Basic Concepts.
A Simple Computer consists of a Processor (CPU-Central Processing Unit), Memory, and I/O Memory Input Output Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit I/O Processor.
Fall 2012 Chapter 2: x86 Processor Architecture. Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for x86 Processors 6/e, Chapter Overview General Concepts IA-32.
Advanced Computer Architecture 0 Lecture # 1 Introduction by Husnain Sherazi.
Stages of Processing.  When a computer is given instructions, a series of tasks must take place in order for a result to be accomplished  To accomplish.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Machine Cycle.
General Concepts of Computer Organization Overview of Microcomputer.
CHAPTER 4 The Central Processing Unit. Chapter Overview Microprocessors Replacing and Upgrading a CPU.
Introduction First 32 bit Processor in Intel Architecture. Full 32 bit processor family Sixth member of 8086 Family SX.
Input-Output Organization
Computer Architecture Memory, Math and Logic. Basic Building Blocks Seen: – Memory – Logic & Math.
Introduction to Microprocessors
Computer Hardware A computer is made of internal components Central Processor Unit Internal External and external components.
Computer Structure & Architecture 7b - CPU & Buses.
Different Microprocessors Tamanna Haque Nipa Lecturer Dept. of Computer Science Stamford University Bangladesh.
8086 Internal Architecture
Computer and Information Sciences College / Computer Science Department CS 206 D Computer Organization and Assembly Language.
The Intel 86 Family of Processors
Lecture on Central Process Unit (CPU)
Pentium Architecture Arithmetic/Logic Units (ALUs) : – There are two parallel integer instruction pipelines: u-pipeline and v-pipeline – The u-pipeline.
Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2005/09/29
Computer operation is of how the different parts of a computer system work together to perform a task.
HOW COMPUTERS WORK THE CPU & MEMORY. THE PARTS OF A COMPUTER.
System Hardware FPU – Floating Point Unit –Handles floating point and extended integer calculations 8284/82C284 Clock Generator (clock) –Synchronizes the.
Different Microprocessors Tamanna Haque Nipa Lecturer Dept. of Computer Science Stamford University Bangladesh.
Fundamentals of Programming Languages-II
Capability of processor determine the capability of the computer system. Therefore, processor is the key element or heart of a computer system. Other.
The Processor & its components. The CPU The brain. Performs all major calculations. Controls and manages the operations of other components of the computer.
1 3 Computing System Fundamentals 3.2 Computer Architecture.
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Chapter 2: IA-32 Processor Architecture (c) Pearson Education, All rights reserved. You.
Chapter 11 System Performance Enhancement. Basic Operation of a Computer l Program is loaded into memory l Instruction is fetched from memory l Operands.
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology Computer Hardware1.
Computer Operation. Binary Codes CPU operates in binary codes Representation of values in binary codes Instructions to CPU in binary codes Addresses in.
Chapter Overview General Concepts IA-32 Processor Architecture
Protection in Virtual Mode
x86 Processor Architecture
Edexcel GCSE Computer Science Topic 15 - The Processor (CPU)
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 5th Edition
Components of Computer
Basic Computer Organization
Microcomputer Architecture
Computer Architecture
University of Gujrat Department of Computer Science
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Computer Organization and Assembly Language
CPU Key Revision Points.
Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2005/09/29
Objectives Describe common CPU components and their function: ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit), Cache Explain the function of the CPU as.
Microprocessor Lecture 7 (8086 Registers).
Sec (2.3) Program Execution.
Computer Science. The CPU The CPU is made up of 3 main parts : Cache ALU Control Unit.
Presentation transcript:

Basic Microcomputer Design

Inside the CPU Registers – storage locations Control Unit (CU) – coordinates the sequencing of steps involved in executing machine instructions Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - performs arithmetic and logical operations Clock – synchronizes the internal operations of the CPU with the other system components

Bus Structure Bus - a group of parallel wires that transfer information from one part of the computer to another. –Control Bus – synchronizes the actions of all of the devices attached to the system bus. –Address Bus – passes the addresses of instructions and data between the CPU and memory (or I/O). – Data Bus – transfers instructions and data between the CPU and memory (or I/O).

Bus Sizes For the 8086 Processor –Data Bus – 16 bits (16-bit processor) –Address Bus – 20 bits (can access 1M of memory)

The Intel CPU Family

Notes from Intel Family Chart Notice that 386 – Pentium 4 are 32-bit processors (32-bit data bus – 4 bytes) Notice that 386 and beyond have 32-bit address bus can access (4G of memory addresses).

Machine Cycle Most basic unit of time for machine instructions = the time required for one complete clock cycle. Machine instructions require at least 1 clock cycle to execute. Most require more. Wait states – empty clock cycles of machine execution time (due to memory access time being slower than speed of clock).

Instruction Execution Cycle If using Memory operand (mov ax, 0A69Bh) –Calculate address of operand –Place address of operand on address bus –Wait for memory to get operand and pass it on data bus

Instruction Cycle Fetch Decode Fetch memory operands Execute Store output operand

Pipelining Versus Non-Pipelining In non-pipelined systems, for k execution states, n instructions require (n*k) cycles to process. Using a pipelined system with k execution states, n instructions require (k + (n-1)) cycles to complete.

Pipeline for 8086 (2-stage pipelining)

2-stage Pipelining Bus Interface Unit: accesses memory and provides I/O Execution Unit: executes the microcode instructions.

IA-32 Processor Pipelinig (6-stage Pipelining) Bus Interface Unit: accesses memory and provides I/O Code Prefetch Unit: receives instructions from the BIU and inserts them into a holding area (instruction queue) Instruction Decode Unit: decodes machine instructions from the prefetch queue and translates them into microcode. Execution Unit: executes the microcode instructions. Segment Unit: translates logical addresses into linear addresses and performs protection checks Paging Unit: translates linear addresses into physical addresses, performs page protection checks and keeps a list of recently accessed pages

Superscalar Architecture Processors that allow two or more execution pipelines (two or more instructions can be in the execution stages at the same time).

Reading from memory Typically the CPU clock is running much faster than memory access time. Cache –1 st Level – on chip –2 nd Level – separate high speed RAM