Hydrogen Fuel Cells April 5, 2004 Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MAPP, CEE Research Associate Gund Institute, SNR Owner: InnEVations.com

ENERGY STORAGE Performance of Energy Storage Systems Fuel Specific Energy Wh/kg Gasoline12,300 Natural gas9,300 Hydrogen33,000 Lead-acid battery30 Advanced Lead Acid48 Gasoline:C 8 H 18

ENERGY STORAGE Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems Energy Density Wh/kg Power Density W/kg Life Cycles Lead-acid battery Advanced Lead Acid GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride 70220>600 SAFT nickel metal hydride ,500 SAFT lithium ion Lithium polymer <600 Evercel Nickel-zinc Zinc-Air low? Composite Flywheels 120 Supercapacitors Source: USABC and others

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC. LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

SUPERCAPACITORS SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

SOURCE: METALLIC POWER.COM MECHANICAL RECHARGE ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC. ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Passenger car emissions reduction HCCONOx TLEV - Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle 50%NR LEV - Low-Emission Vehicle 70%NR50% ULEV - Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle ( 50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. ) 85%50% SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average) 96%70%95% PZEV- Partial Zero-Emission- Vehicle 96%70%95% SULEV & 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions. AT PZEV -Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell) 96%70%95% PZEV & and include advanced technology components. ZEV -Zero-Emission Vehicles (98% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.) 100% CARB DEFINITIONS CLEANERCLEANER

What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuel- cell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology. (NOT AVAILABLE)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN X-TRAIL FCV Nissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals – but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen. PROTOTYPE

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.

PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U. PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (“Nafion” tm )

SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE. A) BATTERIES Where does hydrogen come from? Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze water Methane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?) Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE? Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR BATTERIES?

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15% H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45% transmission~=80% battery charging ~=80% electric drive system ~=80%.45 x.8 x.8 x.8 = 23% FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-> power plant-> electricity~=45% electricity transmission ~=80% H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70% H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50% Electric drive system ~=80%.45 x.8 x.7 x.5 x.8 = 10%

SOLAR FUEL CELLS ? SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U. last