Nuclear Plant Operations 101 December 1, 2010 Vijay K. Sazawal, Ph.D. Director, Government Programs Disclaimer: Views expressed in the presentation are attributable solely to the author

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 2 Presentation  Global Nuclear Power Map and Market  Nuclear Fuel Cycle  Front end  Back end  Power Reactors  Nuclear Power Plants in operation  Light Water Reactors (LWRs)  Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs  Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)  Application of Export Controls  Definition of key terms  Departmental delineation  When in doubt…..  Closing remarks

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 3 Global Nuclear Map and Market  30 Countries with 438 total units operating  U.S.: 104 (20%)  France: 58 (78%)  Japan: 53 (27%)  Russia: 31 (17%)  Canada: 21 (15%)  S. Korea: 20 (37%)  Germany: 17 (27%)  50 Reactors in construction in 13 countries  68 Countries considering nuclear power, nearly half seriously  Key markets for U.S. companies include China, India, Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Vietnam, UAE and U.K.

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 4 Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 5 Front End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle  Mining (Uranium Ore)  Milling (“Yellowcake”/Uranium Oxide)  Conversion (UF6)  Enrichment (LEU)  Fuel Fabrication/Assembly

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 6 Nuclear Enrichment

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 7 Fuel Assemblies PWR FUEL BWR FUEL

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 8 Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle  Interim storage  Spent fuel processing  Repository

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 9 Interim Wet Storage

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 10 Interim Dry Storage

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 11 Reprocessing PUREX COEX

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 12 Repository - WIPP

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 13 Repository – Yucca Mountain

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 14 Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation Reactor TypeMain CountriesNumberGWeFuelCoolantModerator Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) US, France, Japan, Russia, China Enriched UO 2 Water Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) US, Japan, Sweden9486.4Enriched UO 2 Water Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor ‘CANDU’ (PHWR) Canada4424.3Natural UO 2 Heavy Water Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR & Magnox) UK1810.8Natural U (metal) Enriched UO 2 CO 2 Graphite Light Water Graphite Reactor (RBMK) Russia1212.3Enriched UO 2 WaterGraphite Fast Neutron Reactor (FBR) Japan, Russia21.0PuO 2 and UO 2 Liquid SodiumNone Source: Nuclear Engineering International Handbook 2010

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 15 Light Water Reactors (LWRs)

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 16 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 17 PWR Steam Generator

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 18 PWR Coolant Pump

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 19 BWR Reactor System

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 20 Balance of Plant (BoP)

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 21 Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 22 Small Nuclear Power Reactors  IAEA defines “small” as under 300 MWe  Renewed interest in small reactors partly in response to high capital cost of large power reactors  Lends to modular construction and incremental additions in capacity  Assessment by IAEA in 2009 concluded that there could be small modular reactors (SMRs) in operation by 2030  Other countries are likely to build and operate SMRs ahead of the U.S. Russia will commission a floating nuclear plan (35 MWe PWR) in 2011  FY 2011 President’s Budget Request included $39M for SMR development  DOE exploring public-private partnership to pursue NRC design certification for 1 to 2 SMRs employing LWR technologies  Commercial deployment of SMRs expected in the U.S. around 2020

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 23 NRC Pre-Application Review of Small Reactors Gas Turbine-Modular HeliumGeneral Atomics-OKBM 600MWt/285 MWe HTRN/A Reactor (GT-MHR) Energy Multiplier ModuleGeneral Atomics 250 MWe HFRN/A (EM2) Traveling Wave ReactorTerraPower, LLC No.DesignApplicantCapacityTypeDesign Certification Application 1.NuScaleNuScale Power, Inc.160 MWt/45 MWePWR1Q CY Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) PBMR (Pty.), Ltd.400 MWt/165 MWeHTRFY Super-Safe Small & Simple (4S) Toshiba30MWt/10 MWeLMR2Q CY Hyperion Power Module (HPM) Hyperion Power Generation, Inc. 70MWt/25 MWeMSRN/A 5.Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM) GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy 840MWt/311 MWeLMR1Q CY mPowerBabcock & Wilcox Company 400MWt/125MWePWR4Q CY 2012 HTR N/A

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 24 Application of Export Controls Definition of Key Terms  Source Materials:  Material in any physical or chemical form or ores that contain by weight 0.05 percent or more of uranium or thorium (or in combination). Depleted uranium (left over from uranium enrichment) is considered a source material  Source Material Licensing: 10 CFR Part 40  Special Nuclear Material (SNM):  Plutonium, Uranium-233, Uranium enriched in the isotopes U-233 or U-235. Pu and U-233 do not occur naturally  SNM Licensing: 10 CFR Part 70  By Product Material:  Non-SNM material that is radioactive and produced either by fission process or by using SNM. Examples are Tritium (H-3), Carbon-14, Flourine-18, Cobalt-57, Krypton-87, Radium-226  By Product Licensing: 10 CFR Part 30

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 25 Nuclear Facilities and Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority  Major equipment used in nuclear reactors:  Reactor pressure vessel  On-line fuel charging and discharging machines  Control rod system and drive mechanisms  Reactor primary coolant pump  Zirconium tubes  Reactor internals (NSSS)  Major equipment (especially designed or critically important) for following plants:  Separation and enrichment of isotopes of uranium and lithium  Fabrication of nuclear reactor fuel assemblies  Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear reactor fuel  Production of heavy water  Conversion of uranium and plutonium  Production of SNM using accelerator driven systems above 5MWt

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 26 Nuclear Material Under NRC Export Licensing Material  SNM*  Source Material*  Byproduct Material*  Deuterium (heavy water)  Nuclear grade graphite  Full details in 10 CFR Part 110, including latest updates * Requires NRC Import License

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 27 Department of Commerce-Bureau of Industry & Security (BIS)  Export licenses cover “Dual Use” items  BIS export licenses may be required depending on the nature of the item, the country of destination and specific “end-use”  Export licenses may apply to major equipment and technology in the Balance of Plant (BoP)  High pressure turbines  Condensate pumps, valves and motors  Main generators and back-up generators  Transformers  Fire detection and suppression systems  I&C used in BoP  Radiation detection  Telecommunications  Tools and maintenance  Additional guidance from BIS:

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 28 When in Doubt…..  Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (ITA)  Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide:  (202)  (202)  NRC (10CFR 110)  Office of Export Controls and International Programs  (301)  (301)  NNSA (10CFR 810)  Office of International Regimes and Agreements  (202)  (202)  DOC (“Dual Use”)  Bureau of Industry and Security  (202)  (202)  DOS (“123 Agreements”)  Office of Nuclear Energy, Safety and Security  (202)  (202)

Restricted Proprietary Information Page 29 Closing Remarks  U.S. Government  Executive Order – National Export Initiative  Civil Nuclear Trade Initiative  Interagency Working Group  Trade Promotion  Government – Industry Coordination  Civil Nuclear Trade Advisory Committee (CINTAC)  Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide  Export Control Seminars  Industry Briefings  Any Questions?