Lecture 6 Verb and verb phrase Classification of verbs 2. A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood 3. Tense and aspect:

Verbs What is a Verb? A verb is a part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence. There is a book on the table. He is studying Japanese now. Father bought me a new cap. This is the most important part of a sentence. A sentence can have only one word as long as that word is a verb.

Classification of verbs 1. Simple verb phrase vs. complex verb phrase 2. Main verb (notional verb, the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase) and auxiliary (to help main verbs ) transitive verb main verb intransitive verb verb linking verb primary auxiliary auxiliary modal auxiliary semi-auxiliary

Classification of main verb Transitive verbs vs. intransitive verbs vs. linking verbs (copula) The fish is fresh. You don’t have to smell it. The milk is going bad. It smells. This dish smells delicious.

2. Dynamic verbs vs. stative (non-progressive) verbs Dynamic verbs are verbs that refer to actions. Stative verbs are verbs that refer to states, including main verb be and have, verbs meaning being and having, verbs referring to a sense perception, verbs referring to a feeling, a state of mind or an opinion. The workers are building a new railroad. This rule applies to everyone. She doesn’t hear very well. She became angry at the words. I think you are crazy. Be quiet, I’m thinking. P.73, 8A

3. Finite verbs vs. non-finite verbs 4. Regular verbs vs. irregular verbs 5. Single-word verbs vs. phrasal verbs

Classification of auxiliary Primary Auxiliaries :be, do, have We are learning English. (help to form the progressive aspect or the passive voice ) She didn’t come back last night. (help to form negative and interrogative sentences ) I have finished my homework. (help to form the perfective or the perfective progressive aspect.) Modal Auxiliaries:13

Phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a verb that is composed of two or more words. Some can be used as transitive verbs, while some intransitive.

Three categories: 1. Verb + preposition (transitive) We must look into the matter immediately. He couldn’t account for his long absence from school. more: apply for, break into, come across, insist on, consist of, do without, complain of, look after, adjust to, allow for, ask for, call on, long for, listen to, care for, resort to, speak of, etc.

Compare: She answered my question. She will answer for his safety. She attended the meeting. She attended on the wounded. She called me. She called on me. She called to me. I know her. I know of her.

2. Verb + adverb particle A particle, in grammar, is a function word ,but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. It is mostly used for words that help to encode grammatical categories (such as negation, mood or case). The infinitive 'to' in 'to fly' is an example of a particle, although it can also act as a preposition. I'm going to Spain next week.

Adverbial particle: up, down, on, off, in, out, over, away A fire broke out during the night. The meeting has been called off. Compare: The lights went out. He put on his coat and went out. The wind blew up the valley. He blew up the bridge. More: back up, call off, give up, hand in, hand out, pick up, take in, turn on, turn off, set up, show off, turn up etc.

3. Verb + adverb particle + preposition Please keep out of her affairs. Will this enthusiasm carry over to the next week? I don’t want to come down with the flu again. I will have to fill in for Wally until he gets back. Attention: Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms, different form simple verbal combinations. More: catch up with, go in for, look up to, run out of, live up to, look out for, etc.

4. verb + noun + preposition and verb + noun She soon realized that she was being made fun of. She indulged in luxury and made a made a mess of her life. More: get rid of, put an end to, keep pace with, make a fool of, keep an eye on, give rise to, etc.

A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood Tense is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinctions of time. It shows the relationship between the form of the verb and the time of the action or state it describes.

Differences between tenses and time Time is a concept universally existent with three divisions: past time, present time and future time. and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language. English verbs have two tense: the present tense and the past tense.

2. Aspect Aspect is a grammatical term indicating whether an action or state at a given time is viewed as complete or incomplete. English verbs have two aspects: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect.

A combination of the two tense and the two aspects makes it possible for a finite verb phrase to take the following eight forms (with the main verb play as an example): EENSE-ASPECT Simple Present plays Simple Past played Present Progressive is playing Past Progressive was playing Present Perfective has played Past Perfective had played Present Perfective Progressive has been playing Past Perfective Progressive had been playing

3. Voice Voice is a grammatical category, a form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on. the active voice the passive voice He published his second novel in 1998. This book was published in 1998.

4. Mood Mood is a finite verb form that indicate whether an utterance expresses a fact, a command or request, or a non-fact and hypothesis. the indicative mood the imperative mood the subjunctive mood He goes to church every Sunday. Don’t be late for school. Go to school at once. Mother insisted that he go to hospital at once.