PROTISTS

PROTISTS COMMON EXAMPLES: EUKARYOTIC VERY DIVERSE GROUP Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium EUKARYOTIC Have a nuclear membrane VERY DIVERSE GROUP most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, asexual

PROTISTS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria and chloroplasts

PROTISTS EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION RESPIRATION Water balance = osmoregulation Done by contractile vacuole Wastes removed by diffusion RESPIRATION Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

PROTISTS REPRODUCTION Asexual Mitosis and cytokinesis Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent Schizogony – nucleus divides many times and cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as there are nuclei

PROTISTS SEXUALLY Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce chromosome number to haploid Union of gametes = diploid zygote Syngamy – fertilization between two individuals Autogamy – two gametes fuse within one organism Parthenogenesis – development of organism from gamete without fertilization Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals

PROTISTS DOMAIN EUKARYOTA KINGDOM PROTISTA Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant, or animal is a PROTIST

PROTISTS ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS = PROTOZOA PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE Classified by method of movement PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE Classified by pigment color FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS = MOLDS Classified by body form

PROTISTS PROTIST CLASSFICATION Separated by feeding habits (nutrition) Autotrophic Able to make own food Photosynthetic – 30-40% of all photosynthesis worldwide is done by algae Heterotrophic Must eat other material Unicellular May be predators, decomposers, or parasites

PROTISTS PROTOZOA Heterotrophic Unicellular 4 groups Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

PROTISTS PHYLUM SARCODINA Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm Pseudopods (false feet) Plasmolemma – elastic cell membrane Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole Example: Amoeba proteus

PROTIST

PROTIST LABEL THIS AMEOBA

PROTISTS PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA Often called flagellates because they move using flagella Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or some are parasites Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood) Trypanosoma – parasite of humans in Africa, cause African Sleeping Sickness

PROTISTS

PROTISTS PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Ciliates – found in fresh and salt water; usually free-living, most are larger than other protozoa Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food vacuole, contractile vacuole Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation) Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

PROTISTS TRICHOCYSTS – spindle shaped alternating between bases of cilia; used as anchor and to paralyze prey Oral groove – shallow furrow on one side of cell used to gather food Locomotion – cilia; avoiding reaction  contact with unfavorable conditions and will move away Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water currents, electric currents, acidity and other chemicals

PROTISTS Reproduction Example = paramecium Mitosis every 6-12 hours Conjugation – become sticky and adhere to each other at oral groove and exchange nuclear material Example = paramecium

PROTIST

PROTISTS PHYLUM SPOROZOA Members cannot move Reproduce by producing spores All endoparasites and most are pathogenic Have apical complexes (structures that aid in penetration of host cells or tissues) Example: Plasmodium – causes malaria; carried by vector (female Anopheles mosquito)

PROTISTS

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS PLANT LIKE PROTISTS Most perform photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly other pigments Classified according to the type of pigment

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… A. PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA Usually free-living (not a parasite) Pellicle – covering membrane; maintains shape Has Ectoplasm and endoplasm Has Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds flagella), contractile vacuole, food vacuole Eyespot - organelle that is light sensitive contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… Movement toward light using flagella; flagella pulls cell; euglenoid movement  expansion and contractions of entire cell Nutrition – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during harsh times Example: euglena; volvox

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… B. PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which is very similar to land plants) Some reproduce sexually major part of marine plankton; may have given rise to plants Examples: desmids, spirogyra Most live in fresh water or moist soil Many live in symbiotic relationships Lichen – organism composed of an algae and a fungi living together as one

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… C. PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA Red algae, brown algae, golden algae RED ALGAE multicellular organisms found in warm ocean waters; their color results from red photosynthetic pigments Perform photosynthesis Example: Red Moss

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… BROWN ALGAE Multicellular and live in cool salt water habitats Includes giant kelps Have an alternation of generations life cycle (means that part of life is spent reproducing asexually and part is spent reproducing sexually)

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… Used to make a variety of products As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream Used as food for animals (processed)

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… GOLDEN ALGAE – Some species are colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic. particularly important in lakes, where they may be the primary source of food for zooplankton. EXAMPLES – DIATOMS-photosynthetic unicellular protists with silica shells

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… D. PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in your book) Nearly all have flagella Most grow in salt water Most are free-living (meaning they are not parasites); some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms When agitated undergo reaction that produces light  bioluminescent

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont… DINOFLAGELLATE

Dinoflagellates cont…. Causes the red tide; Several microscopic marine algae are notoriously poisonous to hapless humans who consume them in shellfish, these toxins are potentially FATAL

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont…

PROTISTS FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS) DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS CHARACTERISTICS MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS WATER MOLDS

PROTISTS PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as a human hand (one cell!) Single cell with many nuclei In unfavorable conditions Moves somewhere else Creates a fruiting body

Myxomycota - plasmodium

PROTISTS CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE LARGE MASS (PSEUDOPLASMODIUM) WHEN TIMES ARE HARSH

The phyla of slime molds:

PROTISTS WATER MOLDS DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS SOME ARE PARASITIC

PROTISTS IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS ECOLOGICAL ROLES Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check