Unit 3: Cells The smallest functional unit of life.

- Discovery of the __________ allows scientists to first view cells. Before the discovery of cells people believe diseases caused by curses and ______________. - So, how big are cells that people could not see them? _______ μm (large plant cells) _______ μm (small bacteria) A. Cell Theory Cell Size and Scale

a. _______________ English scientist in 1665 looked at cork under the microscope what he saw he called __________ he really saw the walls of dead cells. 1. Time Line of the Cell Theory

b. _________________________ Dutch Scientist in 1674 discovered one cell organisms in pond water also looked at __________, sperm, and other human cells but did nothing with it through high power simple microscopes.

c. _________________ English scientist in 1833 discovers and names the ____________

d. ______________ German scientist in 1838 “all _______ tissues were composed of cells.” e. ___________________ German scientist in 1839 “all __________ cells were composed of cells.” Schleiden and Schwann are credited with publishing the ______________

f. ___________________ French scientist 1824 – 1830 “the cell is the _______________ of organization” discovers the process of osmosis g. __________________ German scientist in 1858 “cells come from __________ cells”

a. _______________________________________________. Organisms can be either Multicellular, Colonial, or Organisms can be either Multicellular, Colonial, or Unicellular Unicellular b. _______________________________________________ __________________________________. __________________________________. ________________ happens within a cell ________________ happens within a cell all cells carry on similar chemical activities all cells carry on similar chemical activities c. _____________________________________________. Belief that life started as _________ cells Belief that life started as _________ cells Cells evolved over millions of years to become all the Cells evolved over millions of years to become all the different forms of life. different forms of life. The Cell Theory 2. The Cell Theory

d. Modern Amendments to the Cell Theory 1. energy flow / ______________ occurs in all cells 1. energy flow / ______________ occurs in all cells 2. cells contain __________________ that is passed to new 2. cells contain __________________ that is passed to new cells during cell division cells during cell division e. Exceptions to the cell theory 1. ________________ 1. ________________ Some scientists consider them living but they are not made Some scientists consider them living but they are not made of cells of cells 2. Where did the ____________ come from? 2. Where did the ____________ come from? Theory of Spontaneous Generation Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Spontaneous Generation Ancient Theory that organisms arose from decaying organic matter - aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants - fleas from putrid matter - mice from dirty hay - crocodiles from rotting logs at the bottom of bodies of water

Series of experiment to disprove spontaneous generation Francesco RediFrancesco Redi 1668 Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur Pasteurization Miller - Urey Experiments – 1953 – Prove Spontaneous Generation Simulated early Earth to find that complex organic compounds could be spontaneously formed from simple inorganic compounds

1. _____________________________ cells that _____ internal structures surrounded by _______ no membrane bound organelles no true _________, but they do have ________ smaller in size, less complex  ex: ____________ 2. _____________________________ cells containing internal structures (organelles) surrounded by _________________ have _______________________________ these are the cells you are familiar with because you are eukaryotic. have nucleus; specialized chemical reactions B. Types of Cells

C. Cell Organelles Organelles = “small tools” They are the little organs inside the cell that perform the different life functions 1.________ = nuclei (plural) round membrane bound structure __________ for metabolism and reproduction if removed cell dies

a. ______________ = nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleoplasm double membrane – 2 layers inner and outer membranes combine and make nuclear pores b. ________________ holes in the nucleus that _____________ of substances in and out of the nucleus allows the nucleoplasm to remain different from the rest of the cell c. ____________________ dense granular structures made of DNA, RNA, and proteins sites of production of ______________ d. ________________ ____________ bound to various proteins long thin threads = _____________ = hereditary material of the cells.

2. _________________ ______________ material in the cell substances ______________ in the cytoplasm many ________________ of cell metabolism take place in the cytoplasm contains and hold a variety of organelles. Cytoskeleton ____________ = movement of cytoplasm

3. ______________________ system of _________________ enclosed by membranes usually form a continuous network with nucleus serve as __________________________ of materials provides a __________________ where many chemical reactions can occur divides the cell into compartments so many types of reactions can go on at the same time membrane is similar to cell membrane _________ or ______ appearance; ribosomes make it rough

4. __________________ small particles sites of _________________ lots of them in cells

5. ___________________ stacks of _____________ sacs ______________________ and storage centers Animal cells tend to have one golgi near the nucleus Plants usually have more than one Usually located near the ER (made from same membrane) _______________ materials outside of the cell vesicles (small bubbles) bind to the cell membrane.

6. __________________ round, oval shaped organelles ________________ in food molecules site for __________ cellular respiration surrounded by a double membrane inner membrane is highly folded, why? Make ________________ 300 – 800 a cell contain their own DNA and can replicate themselves.

a.Cellular Respiration: ADP  _________ Makes a High Energy Bond ____________________ (fermentation) – done without the mitochondria and without oxygen. 1. _______________________ Glucose + 2 ATP  CO 2 + Alcohol + 4 ATP 2. _______________________ Glucose + 2 ATP  Lactic Acid + 4 ATP ____________________ ____________________________________________ 2 Steps: 1. ________ = one glucose is broken in half, occurs in cytoplasm, similar to fermentation. 2. __________________________________ = break down the left overs of the glucose molecule, occurs in the mitochondria, makes lots of __________

7. ___________________ contain __________ (pigment = catches light) site for ________________ grana = membrane stacks stroma = fluid in the membrane.

a. ____________________: Conversion of ________ into a useable form for the cell. _______________________________ 2 Steps: 1. _____________________: Catches light and produces O 2 2. _________________________: Takes in CO 2 and makes sugar b. What color light works best for photosynthesis? Worst?

8. ___________________ protein tube pairs that are at 90 degrees to each other only in ________________ involved in ____________

9. _______________________ hair like organelles used for ___________ the cell or cleaning the area around it extend from the surface of cells flagella are larger cilia are usually smaller and more plentiful arise from basal bodies = centrioles

10. ___________________ fluid filled membranous ______________ plants have vacuoles filled with cell sap, have large single vacuoles; food vacuoles _____________ vacuoles = pumps water out of the cell.

11. _____________________ sac-like structures contain strong ________________ = hydrolytic enzymes White blood cells, immune system, have lysosomes that break down bacteria involved when the tadpole loses its tail.

12. ___________________ most bacteria and ______________ have cell walls located ____________ the membrane gives shape, provides ___________ and _________ in plants composed of _____________ has many small openings that allow materials to pass in and out Not in ___________ Cells.

13. _________________ plasma membrane __________ cells from its surroundings - like the skin makes it possible for the ______________ to be _______________ than the outside Maintains homeostasis a. Structure two layered structure composed of _______, _________, and carbohydrates ___________________ “__________________” proteins move around within the lipids receptors & transport proteins

b. maintain homeostasis internal environment remains relatively constant at all times i. pH keep around 7; concentrations of glucose, O 2, CO 2. ii. controls the transport of materials in and out of the cells iii. _________________________ certain types of substances pass through the membrane easier than others, selective. Lipid molecules and molecules that dissolve in lipids, alcohols, chloroform, pass through easily. _______________, water, glucose, amino acids, CO 2, O 2, pass through fairly __________. _____________, starch and proteins, cannot pass through the membrane. Electrically neutral molecules pass more easily than charge particles. Permeability changes at different times and in different cells.

c. ________________ movement of molecules from areas of ________________ to __________________________. Molecules move until they reach equilibrium

i. Diffusion occurs because molecules are always in constant motion. ii. Concentration Gradient the difference between high and low concentration the greater the difference the faster diffusion happens iii. Move towards ________________ = same all around iv. Helps with getting materials in and out of the cell O 2 and CO 2 move into and out of cells by diffusion v. Diffusion ________________ the expenditure of _________ Diffusion Animation

d. _____________________ occurs because of _______________________ help certain materials go across the membrane works in the direction of the concentration gradient ex: glucose from the blood into the cell. Facilitated diffusion animation

e. __________________ diffusion of ____ across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration concentration of water = amount of water for a given volume - depends on concentration of substances in the water more things dissolved in the water the less water there is.

i. Effects of Osmosis _____________ solution _________ concentration of dissolved substances as the cell no gain or loss of water. _____________ solution _______ concentration of substances than the cell causes water to flow into the cell can even cause it to burst ______________ solution _______ concentration of substances than the cell cause water to leave the cell the cell shrivels up plasmolysis = shrinking of the cell. Osmosis animation

f. Active Transport i. Passive Transport diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all examples of passive transport movement of materials across the cell membrane without the expenditure of energy. ii. ____________________ movement of materials across the cell membrane with the ______________________ (ATP) make it possible to go against the concentration gradient ________ concentration  _______ concentration endocytosis = transport of materials into the cell by a vacuole. pinocytosis = small amounts of liquid taken in _______________ = small particles taken in exocytosis = movement of materials out of the cell by use of a vacuole. Active transport animation Phagocytosis animation