PROTISTS State Standards:

Protists 1) Microscopic, unicellular organisms that contain a nucleus (eukaryotes).

CHARACTERISTICS Take in Oxygen through diffusion Can move like animals and react to changes in the environment Can be Autotrophs (Plant-like) or Heterotrophs (Animal-like or Fungus- like)

Cell membrane Surround the cell and give it its’ shape Unlike bacteria, there is no cell wall

Nuclear membrane Surrounds and protects the nucleus

Chloroplasts ONLY found in plant cells or cells that complete PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Make glucose for the cell by completing photosynthesis.

Mitochondria Energy producers of the cell. This is where RESPIRATION takes place.

Contractile Vacuole Excretes excess water from the cell. Why does the protist take on water?

Protists Reproduce through fission

AMOEBA Move by using a pseudopod, or false foot. It is an extension of the cell membrane.

3- Examples a) Amoeba Pseudopod

Move by using Cilia- tiny hairs PARAMECIUM

3- Examples b) Paramecium Paramecia swimming amongst algae. Paramecium showing its cilia Cilia

Sporozoans All are parasites Example = Plasmodium – cause of Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum Various stages of the most deadly form of Malaria – Plasmodium falciparum

Harmful Protists Produce a nerve poison in shellfish that kills humans and fish in red tide Cause diseases: Chaga’s disease, Malaria, (another video), toxoplasmosis, dysentary, Trypanosomaisis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasma, Cryptospiridium, (2), Leishmaniasis, Brain Amoeba, African Sleeping SicknessChaga’s diseaseMalaria(another videoTrypanosomaisis LeishmaniasisToxoplasma Cryptospiridium(2), LeishmaniasisBrain Amoeba African Sleeping Sickness

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS (ALGAE) 1) Are autotrophs, have chlorophyll and cell walls. 2) Most are plankton (live and float around in water).

Euglena – move by flagella or whip-like tail Flagellum Nucleus Chloroplast Euglena swimming Euglena showing flagellum & chloroplasts

Euglena Flagellum Chloroplast

a) Flagellum – whiplike tail

DIATOMS Unicellular algae that come in many shapes & sizes

Diatoms Cell Wall is made of Silica (a glassy substance)

Diatoms Uses of diatoms : 1) Fiberglass insulation 2) Some paints 3) Car polish 4) Toothpaste Diatomaceous Earth Fiberglass Insulation

a) Dinoflagellates Flagella

Other Examples of Algae Netrium Spirogyra Pediastrum (colony) Volvox (colony)

Algal blooms When nutrients get into the water (farm runoff, factory wastes, detergents, etc.) algae grow in great numbers. Algae using up oxygen can cause fish kills

Algal blooms Red tide – Bloom of microscopic red algae (rhodophyta) Fish Kill during red tide Red tide washing up on shore Red algae in water

4- Slime Molds Fungus-like protists that resemble different organisms throughout their life span (resemble an amoeba, a fungus with spores, and a flagellate).

4- Slime molds Scrambled egg slime: Fuligo septica Leocarpus fragilis (plasmodium) Trichia decipiens Leocarpus fragilis (fruiting bodies)

Protozoans

Nucleus Cell Membrane Contractile Vacuole AMOEBA Food Vacuole

Contractile Vacuole

Food Vacuole Food vacuole with food inside.

Endoplasm Ectoplasm Pseudopod

Pseudopodia Endoplasm pushes on the ectoplasm Ectoplasm pushes on cell membrane & forms a pseudopod. Ectoplasm then becomes endoplasm.

Phagocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in food. Amoeba surrounding food (algae) with its pseudopodia

Pinnocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in water Vacuoles forming to bring in water

Contractile Vacuole Food Vacuole Macronucleus Micronucleus Controls reproduction PARAMECIUM

Macronucleus & Micronucleus Micronucleus Macronucleus

PARAMECIUM Trichocyst- A “harpoon” used in defense

Trichocysts

PARAMECIUM Cilia

PARAMECIUM Oral Groove Gullet Newly formed Food Vacuole Anal Spot

How a Paramecium Eats Food passes into the gullet A food vacuole forms at the end of the gullet Food vacuoles float in the cytoplasm Cilia moves food toward the oral groove Food vacuole At end of the gullet After food is digested, waste exits through the anal spot Anal Spot

Oral Groove and Gullet Oral Groove Gullet Oral Groove

Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Chloroplast Flagellum

Pellicle Tough cell membrane + proteins Reservoir Eyespot Used to detect light Stores excess water

Euglena structures Reservoir Eyespot

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