CELLS-Stucture and Function

Who started the study of cells? What tools allow us to study cells? How are the polymers we studied used in cells? Which nutrient group carries out the majority of cell processes?

Robert Hooke, 1635-1703, English Chemist, Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor

Matthais Schleiden (Plants) Theodor Schwann (Animals) Germany 1839: all organisms made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow (Germany 1858): all cells come from cells.

Cells are the basic units of life. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public Official, and Inventor 1st to see living things Cells are the basic units of life.

Robert Hooke 1600s saw cells and named them cells because they looked like cells (rooms) in a monastery. Schleiden 1838 discovered all plants are made of cells. Schwann 1839 discovered all animals are made of cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek cells basic units of life Rudolf Virchow 1858 discovered all cells come from cells.

Modern Cell theory Cells are basic unit of life. All organisms are made of cells. Cells come from cells.

Modern Cell theory Cells are basic unit of life. All organisms are made of cells. Cells come from cells.

Light microscopes use 2 lenses to form a clear image. Due to diffraction of light waves they can only magnify objects about 1000 times(1millionth of a meter).

Electron Transmission Microscopes focus a beam of electrons allowing DNA or viruses to be visualized. Some can visualize structures 1 billionth of a meter in size. appears flat Organelles in a grain of pollen from tobacco plant

Electron Scanning Microscopes scan the surface of a specimen giving 3 dimensional images of the surface.

How can you tell a prokaryote from an Eukaryotic cell? One micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter Drawing of prokaryote eukaryote How can you tell a prokaryote from an Eukaryotic cell?

Number of cells 1 1 or more characteristic prokaryote eukaryote size 1um=1millionth of a meter .1um-10um 10um-100um Nucleus no Yes Specialized organelles surrounded by membranes Cell membrane Cytoplasm yes Number of cells 1 1 or more

DNA Is this cell Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Artist rendition of A virus Electron scan of an HIV virus Viruses are Prokaryotic.

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell Go to Section:

Animal Cell

Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs. Are these prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Cells have many organelles. Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs.

Where is a cell membrane in comparison to a cell wall? How can you tell a mitochondria from a chloroplast? What is different about smooth & rough ER?

Both plant and animal cells Plants and animals have a lot of organelles in common. Cytoplasm: fluid and organelles located between the Cell membrane and the nucleus. Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs. Venn Diagram Animal cell Both plant and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells

Cell Organization

Once you get in … Cells have 2 main zones 1. In the cytoplasm 2. In the nucleus

Cell Part_Cytoplasm___ Actual Drawing Structure Mostly water (cytosol) & organelles Function Site of chemical reactions Location Between cell membrane and nucleus _____________________________________ The cytoplasm is like a Analogy Drawing _____________Because it _____________________

Cell Part___Nucleus___ Actual Drawing Structure membrane bound Sac/DNA & mRNA &tRNA Function regulate cell processes Store genetic info, start protein synthesis Location In cytoplasm _____________________________________ The ___________is like a Analogy Drawing Because it_____________ _____________________

nucleus

Why are we made of trillions of cells Instead of 1 large cell?

Why are we made of trillions of cells Instead of 1 large cell? We are made of many types of cells. each type specializes to perform specific functions. This makes us more efficient and able to survive being so large.

As cells get larger their volume increases and they can’t get food in and waste out effectively.

Cell size is limited by 2 factors: 1. When a cell gets too big the DNA gets overworked & fails this is called DNA overload. 2. Cells that are too large can not get food in and waste out and the cell dies. Cells don’t’ have intestines …how do the dispose of waste?

Organelles that clean up, store, and support, and move cells.

Lysosome Structure- membrane bound sac filled with enzymes Function-Break down Lipids carbohydrates and Proteins. Location- in the cytoplasm A lysosome is like a ____ because _____________ ____________________

The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual Drawing Structure Membrane bound sac Function Store water, sugar, and salt Location In cytoplasm in plants _____________________________________ The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because it stores sugar salt and water

The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual Drawing Structure Membrane bound sac Function Store water, sugar, and salt Location In cytoplasm in plants _____________________________________ The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because it stores sugar salt and water

How do unicellular organisms move?

microtubules – centrioles, cilia Structure – proteins Function – flexible framework that supports cell and aid in cell division Location- in cytoplasm or protruding from cell Analogy- 9-2 pattern

What do you have to go through to get into a cells cytoplasm? That depends on what type of cell it is… plant or animal What is the difference?

Cell Part__Cell Wall Cellulose (structural carbohydrate) Function Support & protect Location Outside cell membrane ____________________________________ The __cell wall ___is like a Analogy Drawing _________Because it___ _____________________

Plant cell walls are made of carbohydrates Several plant cells

Cell Part_Cell Membrane_ Structure Mostly phospholipids plus some Protein channels & carbs. Function Regulate what goes in and out Location Outside of cytoplasm _____________________________________ The Cell membrane is like a Analogy Drawing __________Because it___ _____________________ -= -- = Analogy: windowScreen lets air in ei oat But not the Sags. lit t 11ttIl' .aaXfre 0-cellmembrane

Simple picture of a Cell membrane Small section of a cell membrane

What are organelles that convert light and C H O into a monosaccharide called? (sugar = chemical energy)

Cell Part___chloroplast Structure: membrane bound organelle with green granum (look like stack of pancakes) called thylakoids. Function: use light energy, water & CO2 to make sugar + O2 Location: in the cytoplasm of Plants and some photosynthetic organisms _____________________________________ The chloroplast is like a Analogy Drawing solar collector because it converts light energy into another form of energy

Cell Part___mitochondria Structure Membrane bound sac with folded membranes (cristae) Function Release energy from glucose (sugar) Location In Cytoplasm of plant and animal cells _____________________________________ The mitochondria is like a Analogy Drawing _power plant Because it releases energy from fuel

Photosynthesis Notes from next page

Draw & Label : 1. One Elodea plant cell 2. Cell Wall 3. Cell Membrane 4. Chloroplasts Can you figure out where a large vacuole filled with water is?

Is there a cell wall on an animal cell? Draw and label: 1. one human cheek cell 2. Cell Membrane 3. Nucleus Is there a cell wall on an animal cell?                                        

Organelles start protein synthesis and build proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER Structure- folded membrane forming tunnels Function- modify polypeptide chains Location- in the cytoplasm out side of the nucleus Analogy-

Location-In the cytoplasm and on the rough Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Structure-made of Ribosomal RNA Function-Assemble amino acids into Polypeptide chains Location-In the cytoplasm and on the rough Endoplasmic reticulum Picture- Analogy- . the polka dot

Golgi Apparatus Structure- stack of flattened membranes Function-modifies sorts and packages protein & other materials for storage or release out of cell. Location- in cytoplasm Analogy-